scholarly journals Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Transmission in Oman

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. e287-e287
Author(s):  
Said Al-Busaf ◽  
Rahma Al-Harthi ◽  
Khalid Al-Naamani ◽  
Haifa Al-Zuhaibi ◽  
Patricia Priest
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Antenatal Screening ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus

Objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem worldwide. The prevalence of HBV is dependent on the modes of transmission. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oman is regarded as an intermediate endemic region and has had a neonatal vaccine against HBV since 1990. However, little research has been conducted regarding risk factors for HBV transmission. Our study aimed to identify the prevalence of major risk factors for acquiring HBV in Oman. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all adult Omani patients diagnosed with CHB at two tertiary hospitals in Oman, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital and Armed Forces Hospital, between February 2009 and July 2013. The prevalence of major risk factors was identified by interviewing CHB patients using a standard questionnaire during their follow-up visits to the hepatology clinic at both hospitals. The risk factor frequency was stratified by age, gender, and educational level. Results: A total of 274 patients were interviewed; 52.2% of the participants were males. The median age for men was 35.9 years and 35.1 years for women, with 75.5% aged 20–39 years old. The antenatal screening was the most common means of identifying HBV infection in females, and pre-blood donation screening was the most common in males. Intra-familial contact with HBV infected persons and behavioral risks such as body piercing (females) and barber shaving (males) were more common than nosocomial risk factors. Knowledge about HBV infection was scarce among our participants. More than half of the participants had a positive family history of HBV infection. There was a significant association between HBV infection and age groups, and educational levels (p < 0.050 and p < 0.001, respectively). Among those who were infected due to intrafamilial contact or behavioral risk, there was a significant difference between the two sexes (p < 0.020) and between the three age groups (< 23, 23–28, >28) of HBV positive mothers (33.3%, 14.3%, and 6.6%, respectively; p < 0.050). There was also a statistically significant difference among different educational levels (p < 0.050). Conclusions: Direct contact of infected individuals within a family and exposure to high-risk behaviors such as piercing and barber shaving are the main reported risk factors for HBV infection in Omani patients. Reducing the vertical and horizontal transmission of HBV in Oman could be improved by implementing routine antenatal screening of pregnant women and a greater focus on contact screening, respectively.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hepatitis B among Food Vendors in Wurukum Market, Makurdi Benue State

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
V. U. Obisike ◽  
C. M. Uke ◽  
E. U. Amuta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Life Threatening

Hepatitis B is a life threatening infectious liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV among food vendors in Wurukum, a highly commercial section of metropolitan Makurdi in Benue State. The test was carried out with the use of an immunochromatographic  micropoint HBsAg test strips and a HBsAg  buffer screen for the virus. Out of the 250 non-vaccinated food vendors sampled, 27(10.8%) had HBV infection, with more in males (21.7%) than in females (6.6%). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found among age groups in spite of the observed highest prevalence of 14.3% among the 20-29 year olds. Therefore, the need for routine screening cannot be overemphasized in spite of known risk factors among food vendors.

scholarly journals Exposure time to hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors among children in Edirne, Turkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OTKUN ◽  
M. S. ERDOGAN ◽  
M. TATMAN-OTKUN ◽  
F. AKATA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hbsag Seropositivity ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Turkey, but the main routes of transmission were not well established. This study aims to detect the exposure time to HBV and associated risk factors among children. In a sampling group of chıldren aged 0–19 years living in Edirne, antiHBc, antiHBs and HBsAg were screened by the microELISA method. A questionnaire was also completed for each child. In 717 children that were included in the study, the total antiHBc seropositivity was 5·4% and was 1·8, 0·8, 1·7, 6·8, 11·8% in 0–1, 2–5, 6–10, 11–14, 15–19 years age groups respectively. The overall HBsAg seropositivity was 1·7%. The risk of HBV infection increased after the age of 10 years (OR 7·79, 95% CI 3·01–20·16). Collective circumcision was the only independent factor according to regression analysis. Children living in Edirne should be vaccinated against HBV before reaching 11 years of age.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Hepatitis B virus infection among barbers and their clients in two cities in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joël Brice Ngoupa ◽  
Patrick Achiangia Njukeng ◽  
Eric Ngoh Akwa ◽  
Michel Kengne ◽  
Ubald Tamoufe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem in Africa and worldwide. Barbers are regularly in contact with the blood fluid of their clients, who could develop skin cuts and abrasions during shaving practices. There is scarcity of information about HBV among barbers in Cameroon. This study presents seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HBV infection among barbers and their clients in two cities (Yaounde and Douala) in Cameroon.Methods: Three millilitres of venous blood was collected into EDTA tubes from each of the 262 consenting participants. Plasma was obtained and transported to the Military Health Research Centre (CRESAR) for analysis. Sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined by a rapid diagnostic test (DiaSpot HBsAg) and confirmed with an ELISA sandwich test. Data were analysed using SPSS, version 21.Results: Thirty-three participants tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 12.6%. A seroprevalence of 15.0% and 10.6% was obtained for barbers and their clients respectively. In Yaounde, the frequency of HBsAg among barbers and their clients was 14.9% and 10.4% respectively, while in Douala it was 15.4% and 11.1% respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in these groups. There was also no statistically significant association between the knowledge of the modes of HBV transmissions and HBV status.Conclusion: The present study reveals that the rate of HBsAg among the study population is high in Cameroon and most people are not still properly sensitised regarding prevention measures.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnolfo Petruzziello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
B Virus

Introduction:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant tumors and accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers. Its distribution varies greatly according to geographic location and it is more common in middle and low- income countries than in developed ones especially in Eastern Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (70% of all new HCCs worldwide), with incidence rates of over 20 per 100,000 individuals.Explanation:The most important risk factors for HCC are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and exposition to aflatoxin B1. Its geographic variability and heterogeneity have been widely associated with the different distribution of HBV and HCV infections worldwide.Chronic HBV infection is one of the leading risk factors for HCC globally accounting for at least 50% cases of primary liver tumors worldwide. Generally, while HBV is the main causative agent in the high incidence HCC areas, HCV is the major etiological factor in low incidence HCC areas, like Western Europe and North America.Conclusion:HBV-induced HCC is a complex, stepwise process that includes integration of HBV DNA into host DNA at multiple or single sites. On the contrary, the cancerogenesis mechanism of HCV is not completely known and it still remains controversial as to whether HCV itself plays a direct role in the development of tumorigenic progression.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1500-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Gitlin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. In this review, I describe the virus, risk factors for infection, clinical features of infection, results of laboratory tests during infection, and standard and emerging treatment for chronic infection. Although 95% of adult patients recover completely from HBV infection, 90% of children ≤4 years of age develop chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious.

scholarly journals Age-wise and Gender-wise Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in Lahore, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Aqib Nazeer ◽  
Shahid Ali ◽  
Imran Tipu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
And Gender

Background The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Pakistani population has been reported previously, however, studies with a city-oriented approach and focus on age and gender distribution are very limited. Therefore, the current study was designed to unravel the age-wise and gender wise prevalence of HBV in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A total of 350 blood samples of both male and female patients who visited National Genetic Laboratory, Lahore between February 2019 and July 2019 and who were suspected of HBV infection were screened. Sandwich based ELISA was used to detect rapid hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Real time PCR was used to detect HBV using HBV Rotor Gene PCR kit. Results Out of 350 blood samples screened for HBV infection (n= 350), 180 (51.43%) were of males and 170 (48.57%) were of females. Mean age (years) with SD (standard deviation) of the screened population was 37.22 ± 12.16 years. Overall, 224 samples (64%) were found to be positive for HBV infection. In our study, the number of females with this infection (52.24%) was slightly higher than males (47.76%). However, we observed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.225) between them. Conclusion Our study concludes that HBV is highly prevalent in Lahore, Pakistan. Females are slightly more susceptible to HBV infection as compared to males. This study also reports that HBV is more prevalent in the 20-40 age group.

scholarly journals Relationship between the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen and arbovirus in fishermen from the Ribeira Valley, Brazil

1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lygia Busch Iversson ◽  
Celso F. Hernandes Granato ◽  
Amélia Travassos da Rosa ◽  
Cláudio Sérgio Pannuti
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Region Detection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Core Antigen

Sera from 299 fishermen 16 to 80 years old, residents in Cananeia and Iguape counties, southern cost of São Paulo State, Brazil, were studied in order to identify a possible association between the prevalence of specific antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to haematophagus mosquitoes evaluated by the prevalence of arbovirus antibodies. This professional group presented the highest prevalence of arbovirus antibodies (54.1%) in past investigations carried out in this heavily forested region. Detection of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in the sera was done by enzyme immunoassay (Roche). Prevalence of anti-HBc antibodies in this group was 31.4% (94/299) which is very high compared with 7.2% to 15.0% for different groups of healthy adults in State of São Paulo. No significant difference is observed between the prevalences of HBV antibodies in Iguape and Cananeia. Prevalence of anti-HBc and anti-arbovirus antibodies increases with age. There is a concordance in the distribution according to age groups of the frequency of anti-HBc and anti-arbovirus positive sera. Ag HBs was detected in 4% of the studied sera. These results support the hypothesis that the transmission of the hepatitis B virus and the arboviruses may be due to the same factor, one of the possibilities would be by anthropophilic mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among Children in Enugu Metropolis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1178122X1879285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryann Chinenye Ezeilo ◽  
Godwill Azeh Engwa ◽  
Romanus Ifeanyi Iroha ◽  
Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
B Virus ◽  
History Of

Background: Though measures are being put in place for the management of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Nigeria, children remain the most vulnerable to develop chronic hepatitis. Routine screening in children is therefore necessary for effective control. However, the performance of the commonly used immunochromatographic test (ICT) strips has been challenging. Also, identifying the risk factors of transmission in this age group is of importance for the implementation of preventive measures. Hence, the goal of this study was to assess the test performance of the routinely used ICT strip and identify the associated clinical manifestations and risk factors of HBV. Methods: A cross sectional study involving 270 children below six years of age was conducted at ESUTH and Favor Child Pediatrics Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. The subjects were screened for HBV by ICT and ELISA assays and a structured questionnaire was used to obtain participants data including demographic, socioeconomic, signs and symptoms, risk factors and vaccination. Results: BBased on ELISA, 31 out of 270 children were positive for HBV with an infection rate of 11.5%. ICT kit showed a low sensitivity of 51.6% in diagnosing HBV but was highly specific (100%) and accurate (94.4%). HBV infection was not associated with sex (χ2: 0.209; p = 0.401). The prevalence of HBV infection was similar in all the age group and HBV infection was not associated (χ2: 2.099; p = 0.914) with age group. All the clinical manifestations were not associated ( p > 0.05) with HBV infection. Blood transfusion, shared items, tattoo marks and history of surgery associated significantly ( p < 0.05) with HBV infections having odd ratios of 4.247, 4.224, 3.134 and 3.195 respectively. The vaccination rate was 55.2% (159/270) and only 3 (1.1%) out of 159 vaccinated subjected contracted the infection (OR: 0.068, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: HBV was prevalent (11.5%) in children below six years old in Enugu metropolis. Moreover, the routinely used ICT test was less reliable than ELISA in diagnosis HBV infection. More so, shared items, blood transfusion, tattooing and history of surgery were potential risk factors while vaccination served as a protective factor against the infection.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: transmission patterns and vaccine control

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 757-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ABEBE ◽  
D. J. NOKES ◽  
A. DEJENE ◽  
F. ENQUSELASSIE ◽  
T. MESSELE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus

A community-based seroepidemiological survey of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was conducted in 1994 to inform on the transmission dynamics and control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Venous blood from 4736 individuals under 50 years of age from 1262 households, selected using stratified cluster-sampling, was screened for HBV markers using commercial ELISAs. HBsAg prevalence was 7% (95% CI 6–8), higher in males (9%; 7–10) than females (5%; 4–6). HBeAg prevalence in HBsAg positives was 23% (18–29), and less than 1% of women of childbearing age were HBeAg positive. Overall HBV seroprevalence (any marker), rose steadily with age to over 70% in 40–49 year olds, indicating significant childhood and adult transmission. Estimated instantaneous incidence was 3–4/100 susceptibles/year, higher in males than females in 0–4 year olds, and peaking in early childhood and young adults. The age at which 50% had evidence of infection was around 20 years, and the herd immunity threshold is approximated at 63–77%. Addis Ababa is of intermediate-high HBV endemicity, with negligible perinatal transmission. Our main findings are the identification of a significant difference between males and females in the age-acquisition of HBV infection, and marked differences between age groups in HBV incidence rates. These results should target future research studies of underlying risk factors. Furthermore, we generate a crude estimate of the level of coverage of HBV vaccine that would be required to eliminate the virus from the study population.

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