Atacama Desert: water resources and reuse of municipal wastewater in irrigation of cut flower aeroponic cultivation system (first laboratory experiments)

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Vera-Puerto ◽  
Jorge Olave ◽  
Suzy Tapia ◽  
Wladimir Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cultivation System

scholarly journals Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater from Constructed Wetlands for Cut Flowers Irrigation in Aeroponic Cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Leonardo Vera-Puerto ◽  
Jorge Leonardo Olave-Vera ◽  
Sussy Tapia ◽  
Wladimir Antonio Chávez ◽  
Carlos Arias
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater

The aim of this work is to evaluate the reuse of municipal wastewaters treated through subsurface constructed wetlands (SS-CWs) as irrigation water in cut flower aeroponic cultivation under arid conditions. For this purpose, two experimental aeroponic cultivation systems were installed with the cut flower Lilium ‘Tresor’ planted and irrigated with SS-CWs treated water. The results showed that the quality of the SS-CWs wastewater has to be improved to be used in irrigation. Despite that, Lilium ‘Tresor’ grew under arid conditions with normal stem diameters and number of flowers but with heights under 0.65 m, which would restrict their commercialization to local markets. Water electrical conductivity (> 2300 µs/cm) and luminosity (> 120 klux) were factors that affected plant height. When compared to other cultivation systems, the aeroponic cultivation system used between 10 % and 20 % of the amount of water needed to produce Lilium ‘Tresor.’ Thus, this work showed the feasibility to produce cut flowers using an aeroponic cultivation system under arid conditions and irrigated with SS-CWs effluents. Likewise, it was detected that improvements to water quality and luminosity must be made for industrial scaling.

Cultivation of rice for animal feed with circulated irrigation of treated municipal wastewater for enhanced nitrogen removal: comparison of cultivation systems feeding irrigation water upward and downward

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Muramatsu ◽  
H. Ito ◽  
A. Sasaki ◽  
A. Kajihara ◽  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater

To achieve enhanced nitrogen removal, we modified a cultivation system with circulated irrigation of treated municipal wastewater by using rice for animal feed instead of human consumption. The performance of this modified system was evaluated through a bench-scale experiment by comparing the direction of circulated irrigation (i.e. passing through paddy soil upward and downward). The modified system achieved more than three times higher nitrogen removal (3.2 g) than the system in which rice for human consumption was cultivated. The removal efficiency was higher than 99.5%, regardless of the direction of circulated irrigation. Nitrogen in the treated municipal wastewater was adsorbed by the rice plant in this cultivation system as effectively as chemical fertilizer used in normal paddy fields. Circulated irrigation increased the nitrogen released to the atmosphere, probably due to enhanced denitrification. Neither the circulation of irrigation water nor its direction affected the growth of the rice plant and the yield and quality of harvested rice. The yield of rice harvested in this system did not reach the target value in normal paddy fields. To increase this yield, a larger amount of treated wastewater should be applied to the system, considering the significant amount of nitrogen released to the atmosphere.

Rice production with minimal irrigation and no nitrogen fertilizer by intensive use of treated municipal wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumi Muramatsu ◽  
Toru Watanabe ◽  
Atsushi Sasaki ◽  
Hiroaki Ito ◽  
Akihiko Kajihara
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater ◽  
New System

We designed a new cultivation system of rice with circulated irrigation to remove nitrogen from treated municipal wastewater effectively and assessed the possibility of nitrogen removal in the new system without any adverse effects on rice production through bench-scale experiments through two seasons. Overgrowth of the rice plant, which can lead to lodging and tasteless rice, was found in the first season probably because nitrogen supply based on standard practice in normal paddy fields was too much in the closed irrigation system. In the second season, therefore, the amount of treated wastewater initially applied to the system was reduced but this resulted in a considerably decreased yield. On the other hand, the taste of the rice was significantly improved. The two-season experiments revealed that the new system enabled rice production with minimal irrigation (approximately 50% on the yield base compared to normal paddy fields) and no nitrogen fertilizer. The system also achieved >95% removal of nitrogen from the treated wastewater used for circulated irrigation. The accumulation of harmful metals in the rice was not observed after one season of cultivation in the new system. The accumulation after cultivation using the same soil repeatedly for a longer time should be examined by further studies.

scholarly journals The Effects of Refrigerated, Controlled-atmosphere Storage during Marine Shipment on Insect Mortality and Cut-flower Vase Life

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Shelton ◽  
Victor Mendez ◽  
Virginia R. Walter ◽  
David Brandl
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Green Peach Aphids ◽  
Atmosphere Storage

Refrigerated (2 °C) controlled atmospheres significantly increased the mortality of green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] and western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] in laboratory experiments. However, insect mortality during marine shipment in mixedload containers at 0.5 °C did not significantly increase in a controlled atmosphere. In laboratory experiments, mortality of green peach aphids ranged from 32.8% in the refrigerated control to 96.8% after storage in 0.10% O2 for 4 d followed by 7 d in 3% O2 with 5% CO2. When stored under these same conditions, western flower thrips mortality was 71% compared to 16% mortality in the refrigerated control. Following an 11-day marine shipment from California to Guam in a controlled atmosphere, vase life was extended for most of the 20 California cut-flower and foliage products compared to those shipped in the refrigerated air control.

Significance of pilot projects carried out on international and regional practice in effective usage of water resources: SOCAR experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
A.H. Aliyev ◽  
◽  
R.A. Huseynli ◽  
R.E. Humbatova ◽  
P.I. Babayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Unequal Distribution

According to the researches, arid climate of Azerbaijan, unequal distribution of water resources, population increase and fast economic development recently enhanced the water demand of the country. Due to this reason, the realization of long-term projects on the stable usage of water resources in all activity spheres using international and regional practice became one of the prio- rities. In this respect, SOCAR started works on the advancement of projects on saving and reuse of water in industrial processes, treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater, desalinization of seawater as well. Desalinization units with antiosmosis are app-lied for satisfaction of water demand in offshore field platforms. The water supply networks, desalinated seawater, the water distilled in the units of biological treatment is used for the irrigation of green planting. Currently, Environmental Department of SOCAR started a pilot project in the Waste Management Centre (WMC) on the elimination of water shortage and increase of water use efficiency. WMC manages the unit of biological treatment of municipal wastewater and the unit for the treatment of industrial sewage as well. Moreover, a contract has been signed with “Ecol Engineering Service” CJSC on the treatment of industrial wastewater in 300 m3/month formed in the process of cuttings cleaning. In the future, cleaned water will be used for the irrigation and technical purposes to increase efficiency of water use.

Reclaimed wastewater to irrigate olive groves and vineyards: effects on soil properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Mañas Ramírez ◽  
Jorge De las Heras Ibañez ◽  
Esther Peña Molina
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Primary Water

<p>Having drinking water is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG no. 6) that is not always easy to ensure, especially in countries like Spain or arid regions marked by water deficit. The reuse of treated water should be considered when planning water resources, but it is necessary to conduct experiments to verify that this effectiveness is applicable to real situations. Our field trial was carried out in several study areas distributed in agricultural parcels of SE Spain. Three olive grove and vineyard plantations were monitored for 3 years. Two irrigation water types were considered: freshwater from conventional wells (controls) and treated wastewater (TW). The treated wastewater came from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that employ a biological secondary treatment without disinfection and different numbers of Inhabitants Equivalent (IE) as a measure of pollutant load. They were located in Valdeganga (3,000 IE), Fuenteálamo (5,600 IE) and Ontur (1,500 IE). All the study plots were watered by drip irrigation using 16 mm-diameter polyethylene pipelines.</p><p>Several soil and water parameters were analysed to determine the main differences among them. Increasing of soil salinity is a real risk after irrigating with wastewater as is reflected in higher electrical conductivity values. However, this fact was compensated by the greater contribution of organic matter and nutrients, which allowed crops to adequately develop. Moreover, no microbiological, metal content, toxicity or organic compounds in the studied water samples were detected and reclaimed municipal wastewater was comparable in quality to the conventional sources at all the demonstration sites. Hence adopting this water type for irrigation for grapes and olives could help save primary water resources. The future of water resources management policies involves sustainable wastewater reuse within a circular economy frame because this is the only way to guarantee everyone solidarity access to water.</p><p>Fundings provided by the ERA-NET WaterWorks2014 Cofunded Call. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the 2015 Joint Activities developed by the Water Challenges for a Changing World Joint Programme Initiative (Water JPI).</p>

Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater Using ZnO Nanofluids

2013 ◽  
Vol 651 ◽  
pp. 474-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Ling Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ming Liu ◽  
Bo Chen ◽  
Zi Fu Li
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Health Standards ◽  
Zno Nanofluids

Due to the rapid elevation of health standards and the limit water resources, disinfection has become a challenging aspect for wastewater treatment. This work uses ZnO nanofluids as disinfection for municipal wastewater treatment. The effects of concentration, the presence of light, treatment time and induction of ultrasound are examined. The results reveal that ZnO nanofluids show the potential to be disinfection. With higher concentration of ZnO, the presence of light, longer treatment time and the induction of ultrasound, ZnO nanofluids showed better disinfection efficiency against wastewater.

scholarly journals Reclaimed Wastewater to Irrigate Olive Groves and Vineyards: Effects on Soil Properties

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Jorge De las Heras ◽  
Pilar Mañas
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Olive Groves

Having drinking water is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG no. 6) that is not always easy to ensure, especially in countries like Spain or arid regions marked by water deficit. The reuse of treated water should be considered when planning water resources, but it is necessary to verify that this effectiveness is applicable to real situations. A field trial was carried out in several study areas distributed in agricultural parcels of south east Spain. Soils from two olive groves and two vineyards irrigated with treated wastewater (TW) were monitored for to compare with other plantations irrigated with conventional well water (WW) since July 2016–September 2018. Five different irrigation water sources were analyzed (two from well water and three from reclaimed wastewater). No microbiological, metal content, toxicity or organic compounds (PAHs and PCBs) in the studied water samples were detected and reclaimed municipal wastewater was comparable in quality to the conventional sources at all the demonstration sites, except for higher electrical conductivity. Soils irrigated with TW had higher values for electrical conductivity, N, K, Na, Mg, Mn and cation exchange capacity. The main precautions to be considered when irrigating with treated wastewater are its salt content and its tendency to high values of electrical conductivity. Otherwise, they are an interesting contribution of nutrients to soil. Hence adopting this water type to irrigate orchards, vineyards and olive groves could help to save primary water resources.

scholarly journals Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Toxicity and Natural Fluorescence by Ozonation in Biologically Pre-Treated Municipal Wastewater, in Comparison to Subsequent Polishing Biofilm Reactors

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1059
Author(s):  
Kai Tang ◽  
Gordon Ooi ◽  
Aikaterini Spiliotopoulou ◽  
Kamilla Kaarsholm ◽  
Kim Sundmark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Pharmaceutical Removal ◽  
Natural Fluorescence ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater

Ozonation followed by a polishing moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was implemented in pilot and laboratory to remove the residual pharmaceuticals and toxicity from wastewater effluent, which was from a pilot hybrid system of MBBR and activated sludge, receiving municipal wastewater. The delivered ozone dosages achieving 90% pharmaceutical removal were determined both in pilot and laboratory experiments and they were normalised to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), illustrating our findings were comparable with previously published literature. During wastewater ozonation, the intensity of natural fluorescence was found to be greatly associated with the concentrations of the studied pharmaceuticals. In pilot experiments, toxicity, measured by Vibrio fischeri, increased after ozonation at delivered ozone dosages at 0.38–0.47 mg O3/mg DOC and was completely removed by the subsequent polishing MBBR. Laboratory experiments verified that the polishing MBBR was able to remove the toxicity produced by the ozonation.

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