Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Type 347H Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2459 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglong Guo ◽  
Wenhua Gao ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Zhao Shen ◽  
Lefu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Intergranular Cracking ◽  
Exposure Test

The corrosion resistance and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of Type 347H stainless steel (SS) in supercritical water (SCW) were investigated. The general corrosion behavior was investigated by exposure test and the specimens after testing were characterized utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger and x-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that with the increase of testing temperature, the corrosion rate of the materials is greatly enhanced. The corrosion process is analyzed and the formation of oxide islands on the surface of the corroded sample is attributed to the higher diffusion rate of Cr along the grain boundary. The effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on SCC susceptibility were investigated by slow strain rate tensile test. The fractographs were characterized by SEM and the cross-section morphologies were characterized with back-scattered electron imaging, SEM, and EDS. The results indicate that, as temperature is increased, the tensile strength and strain of materials is greatly reduced, while the oxygen content in SCW has a limited effect on the mechanical properties. Intergranular cracking and ductile fracture are the main fracture modes for Type 347H SS tested in SCW, independent of temperature and oxygen content. The implications of the results to the mechanisms of SCC are discussed.

Influence of Changes in Pressure and Temperature of Supercritical Water on the Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Sáez-Maderuelo ◽  
Dolores Gómez-Briceño ◽  
César Maffiotte
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
316L Austenitic Stainless Steel

The supercritical water reactor (SCWR) is one of the Generation IV designs. The SCWR is characterized by its high efficiency, low waste production, and simple design. Despite the suitable properties of supercritical water as a coolant, its physicochemical properties change sharply with pressure and temperature in the supercritical region. For this reason, there are many doubts about how changes in these variables affect the behavior of the materials to general corrosion or to specific types of corrosion such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Austenitic stainless steels are candidate materials to build the SCWR due to their optimum behavior in the light water reactors (LWRs). Nevertheless, their behavior under the SCWR conditions is not well known. First, the objective of this work was to study the SCC behavior of austenitic stainless steel 316 type L in deaerated supercritical water at 400°C/25  MPa and 30 MPa and 500°C/25  MPa to determine how variations in pressure and temperature influence its behavior with regard to SCC and to make progress in the understanding of mechanisms involved in SCC processes in this environment. Second, the oxide layer formed at 400°C/30  MPa/<10  ppb O2 was analyzed to gain some insight into these processes.

scholarly journals LOCALISED CORROSION OF STAINLESS STEELS 316L AND 2205 IN SYNTHETIC BENTONITE PORE WATER AND BENTONITE SLURRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Jan Stoulil ◽  
Liudmila Pavlova ◽  
Milan Kouřil
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Exposure Test ◽  
Bentonite Slurry

One concept for Czech canister construction for deep geological repository considers stainless steel as an inner case material. Corrosion resistance to localised (pitting/crevice) corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel 316L and duplex steel 2205 was studied. The environment was synthetic bentonite pore water (SBPOW) of domestic bentonite BaM, or a slurry of bentonite in SBPOW. Tests were carried out between 40 °C and 90 °C under anaerobic conditions of a nitrogen atmosphere. The following methods were used for evaluation: potentiostatic tests at oxidation-reduction potential of the environment, long-term exposure tests in SBPOW and slurry, slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT), exposure test of U-bends, and optical microscopy. Results showed no susceptibility of either material to stress corrosion cracking. No localised corrosion was observed up to 70 °C. There was no localised attack observed in SBPOW at 90 °C, but there was localised corrosion detected in the bentonite slurry. Forced breakdown of the passive layer during SSRT, and artificial crevices (O-rings), showed no effect on localised corrosion propagation. The detrimental effect was probably a result of the adsorption ability of the bentonite particles, which allowed breakdown of passive layer and disabled repassivation of metastable pits.

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel at Temperatures Below 100 C — A Review

CORROSION ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 406-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cragnolino ◽  
D. D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Intergranular Cracking ◽  
Intergranular Stress Corrosion ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking

Abstract The environmental and metallurgical factors in the intergranular stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel at temperatures below 100 C has been examined. The behavior of annealed and sensitized microstructures in a variety of environments, including oxygen-containing pure water and aqueous solutions containing species such as chloride, fluoride, polythionates, and other sulfur species is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of sulfur oxyanions as aggressive species that can induce intergranular cracking at very low concentrations in industrial environments. Electrochemical and metallurgical aspects associated with the development of intergranular cracks in these environments are thoroughly discussed, and the mechanistic implications are addressed.

scholarly journals LOCALISED CORROSION OF STAINLESS STEELS 316L AND 2205 IN SYNTHETIC BENTONITE PORE WATER AND BENTONITE SLURRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Jan Stoulil ◽  
Liudmila Pavlova ◽  
Milan Kouřil
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Exposure Test ◽  
Bentonite Slurry

<p class="AMSmaintext">One concept for Czech canister construction for deep geological repository considers stainless steel as an inner case material. Corrosion resistance to localised (pitting/crevice) corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel 316L and duplex steel 2205 was studied. The environment was synthetic bentonite pore water (SBPOW) of domestic bentonite BaM, or a slurry of bentonite in SBPOW. Tests were carried out between 40 °C and 90 °C under anaerobic conditions of a nitrogen atmosphere. The following methods were used for evaluation: potentiostatic tests at oxidation-reduction potential of the environment, long-term exposure tests in SBPOW and slurry, slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT), exposure test of U-bends, and optical microscopy. Results showed no susceptibility of either material to stress corrosion cracking. No localised corrosion was observed up to 70 °C. There was no localised attack observed in SBPOW at 90 °C, but there was localised corrosion detected in the bentonite slurry. Forced breakdown of the passive layer during SSRT, and artificial crevices (O-rings), showed no effect on localised corrosion propagation. The detrimental effect was probably a result of the adsorption ability of the bentonite particles, which allowed breakdown of passive layer and disabled repassivation of metastable pits.</p>

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Sulfurous Acid

CORROSION ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 412-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ahmad ◽  
M. L. Mehta ◽  
S. K. Saraf ◽  
I. P. Saraswat
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Intergranular Cracking ◽  
Sulfurous Acid ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Abstract Stress corrosion cracking investigations on U-bend samples of sensitized 304 austenitic stainless steel have been conducted in sulfurous acid solutions in the concentration range, 0.40 to 10% at ambient temperatures. Samples were found to fracture in solutions of more than 3% sulfurous acid. Chemical analysis of solutions after tests showed appreciable reduction in concentration of H2SO3, formation of H2SO4, and also the presence of Fe, Cr, and S ions. Some model experiments were carried out to ascertain the chemical species causing stress corrosion cracking and the role of oxygen and FeS in generating them. Bubbling of oxygen gas through (1) solution of H2SO3 with sample, (2) distilled water with FeS chips, and (3) solution of H2SO3 with FeS chips and sample, resulted in the formation of tetrathionic acid. Results indicate that the sulfurous acid does not directly cause cracking but it is the tetrathionic acid formed by either the interaction of sulfurous acid and austenitic stainless steel or the interaction of FeS and oxygen, that is responsible for cracking. Metallorgraphic examinations of the fracture confirmed intergranular cracking.

Atmospheric Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel Rock Climbing Anchors, Part 1

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3227 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Lieberzeit ◽  
Tomáš Prošek ◽  
Alan Jarvis ◽  
Lionel Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Rock Climbing ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
304L Stainless Steel ◽  
Intergranular Cracking

Austenitic stainless steels Cr-Ni (Types 304, 304L, 321, and similar) and Cr-Ni-Mo (Types 316, 316L, 316 Ti, and similar) are susceptible to atmospherically-induced stress corrosion cracking (AISCC) at ambient temperatures if hygroscopic salts such as MgCl2 or CaCl2 are present on the surface and the air relative humidity (RH) is in a critical range. This phenomenon has been responsible for incidents of rock climbing anchors breaking under minimal load in seaside areas, putting climbers lives at stake. A systematic failure analysis of anchors collected from various seaside locations throughout the world, namely from Portugal, Azores, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Africa, and Australia, has been performed. Transgranular AISCC was proven the reason for failures in the majority of investigated anchors made of Type 304L stainless steel. Intergranular cracking due to sensitization by improper welding or heat treatment was also identified as a critical safety issue for both Types 304 and 316 stainless steel types. Comparison of literature data and climatic data from the failure locations suggests that limited washing of deposits in confined zones together with elevated temperature and low RH generated locally by direct sunshine are the key factors of AISCC initiation and ultimately of anchor failure.

Stress corrosion cracking behavior of 310S stainless steel in supercritical water at different temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-876
Author(s):  
Jinhua Liu ◽  
Yueming Tan ◽  
Er Jiang ◽  
Bin Gong ◽  
Yongfu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Cracking Behavior

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized Stainless Steel in Oxygenated High Temperature Water

CORROSION ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 451-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
WARREN E. BERRY ◽  
EARL L. WHITE ◽  
WALTER K. BOYD
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Intergranular Cracking ◽  
Alloy 800

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel has been studied in 288 C (550 F) primary water as a function of oxygen and fluoride contents of the water, stress level, prestrain, heat treatment, and surface preparation (tarnish film, surface ground, or pickled). Susceptibility to intergranular cracking increased with increasing oxygen content in the water, increasing stress levels, or with tarnished or pickled surfaces. The other variables had little or no effect. Sensitized wrought Types 309 and 316 stainless steels were also susceptible to intergranular SCC, while sensitized Types 304L, 308L, and 347 stainless steels and Incoloy Alloy 800 and Inconel Alloy 600 did not crack under the most severe test conditions (3Sm stress loading in 288 C water containing 100 ppm oxygen).

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