A Quantified Study of the Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels to HISC: Part 1 - Significance of the three-dimensional phase distributions and morphological properties on hydrogen transport

This paper is associated with a larger programme of research, studying the resistance to hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) of a wrought and a hot isostatically-pressed (HIP) UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel (DSS), with respect to both the independent and interactive effects of the three key components of HISC: microstructure, stress/strain, and hydrogen. In the first part presented here, several material properties such as the three-dimensional (3D) microstructure, distribution and morphology/geometry of the two phases, i.e. ferrite and austenite, and their significance on hydrogen transport have been determined quantitatively, using X-ray computed tomography (CT) microstructural data analysis and modelling. This provided a foundation for the study to compare resistance to HISC initiation and propagation of the two DSSs with differing microstructures, using hydrogen permeation measurements, environmental fracture toughness testing of single-edge notched bend test specimens, in the Part 2 paper of this study [1].

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Revealing the Secrets of Chinese Ivory Puzzle Balls: Quantifying the Crafting Process Using X-Ray Computed Tomography

The Rijksmuseum Bulletin ◽

10.52476/trb.11050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 244-263

Author(s):

Robert Van Liere ◽

Ching-Ling Wang

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

X Ray ◽

National Palace Museum ◽

Different Types ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Novel Method

Chinese ivory puzzle balls are known for their beauty, finesse and their ability to intrigue viewers. From the eighteenth century until recently, they have been crafted by turning, using a simple lathe and a set of drilling and carving tools developed in the eighteenth century. The craft of Chinese ivory puzzle balls has been described as the ‘devil’s work’, as it requires a great deal of proficiency, accuracy and patience. This study presents a novel method for quantifying the crafting process of Chinese ivory puzzle balls. The method is based on measuring the morphological properties of ivory balls in three-dimensional images obtained using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanning techniques. The accuracy of the crafting process is obtained by comparing the measured properties with an underlying mathematical model of the ball. We apply the proposed method to ivory balls from the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the National Palace Museum in Taipei. The results show substantial differences in the accuracy of the crafting process. From an art-historical perspective, the results show that the accuracy of the crafting process evolved during the eighteenth century. They also suggest that the ivory balls we have analyzed have been crafted with different types of turning tools.

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A Quantified Study of the Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels to HISC: Part 2 - Significance of the hydrogen permeation properties and severity of stress raisers, on hydrogen transport and cracking

CORROSION ◽

10.5006/3961 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Blanchard ◽

Kasra Sotoudeh ◽

James Hesketh ◽

Gareth Hinds ◽

Hongbiao Dong

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Hydrogen Permeation ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Test Methods ◽

Fracture Toughness Test ◽

Hydrogen Transport ◽

Product Forms ◽

Stress Raisers

The quantified microstructural analysis carried out on a wrought and a hot isostatically-pressed (HIP) UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in the Part 1 publication of this study 1, established the significance of the three-dimensional (3D) distribution and morphology/geometry of the ferrite and austenite phases on hydrogen transport through two DSS product forms. This paper is a follow-on to Part 1, and focuses on the role of the other two key, interrelated components of hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC): stress/strain, and hydrogen. For this purpose, experimental hydrogen permeation measurements, and environmental fracture toughness testing (i.e. J R-curve testing) using conventional and non-standard single-edge notched bend test specimens were used. These particularly enabled interpretation of the hydrogen permeation and transport test data, and evaluation of suitability of environmental fracture toughness test methods for the assessment of resistance to HISC in DSSs. The latter is discussed, both from laboratory and component integrity perspectives, in the context of the findings from the 3D microstructural characterisation of the two phases, the role of stress raisers and their severity, and hydrogen transport through the bulk and from the surface.

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Three‐dimensional X‐ray‐computed tomography of 3300‐ to 6000‐year‐old Citrullus seeds from Libya and Egypt compared to extant seeds throws doubts on species assignments

Plants People Planet ◽

10.1002/ppp3.10220 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine A. Wolcott ◽

Guillaume Chomicki ◽

Yannick M. Staedler ◽

Krystyna Wasylikowa ◽

Mark Nesbitt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed

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Cover Feature: Non‐Destructive Three‐Dimensional Imaging of Metal Organic Framework Mixed Matrix Membranes using Lab‐based X‐ray Computed Tomography (Chemistry ‐ Methods 5/2021)

Chemistry–Methods ◽

10.1002/cmtd.202100034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 202-202

Author(s):

Anton Jansson ◽

Ignacio Luz ◽

Ching‐Chang Chung ◽

Mustapha Soukri

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Mixed Matrix Membranes ◽

Mixed Matrix ◽

Three Dimensional Imaging ◽

X Ray ◽

Metal Organic ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Non Destructive

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Visualizing Fluid Flows With X-Rays

Volume 1: Symposia, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/fedsm2007-37023 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Theodore J. Heindel ◽

Terrence C. Jensen ◽

Joseph N. Gray

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Flow Visualization ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fluid Flows ◽

X Rays ◽

Radiographic Images ◽

Optical Access ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Density Map

There are several methods available to visualize fluid flows when one has optical access. However, when optical access is limited to near the boundaries or not available at all, alternative visualization methods are required. This paper will describe flow visualization using an X-ray system that is capable of digital X-ray radiography, digital X-ray stereography, and digital X-ray computed tomography (CT). The unique X-ray flow visualization facility will be briefly described, and then flow visualization of various systems will be shown. Radiographs provide a two-dimensional density map of a three dimensional process or object. Radiographic images of various multiphase flows will be presented. When two X-ray sources and detectors simultaneously acquire images of the same process or object from different orientations, stereographic imaging can be completed; this type of imaging will be demonstrated by trickling water through packed columns and by absorbing water in a porous medium. Finally, local time-averaged phase distributions can be determined from X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, and this will be shown by comparing CT images from two different gas-liquid sparged columns.

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A Three-Phase Fundamental Diagram from Three-Dimensional Traffic Data

Axioms ◽

10.3390/axioms10010017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Maria Laura Delle Delle Monache ◽

Karen Chi ◽

Yong Chen ◽

Paola Goatin ◽

Ke Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Space ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Travel Time Estimation ◽

Traffic Data ◽

Fundamental Diagram ◽

Model Based Clustering ◽

Three Phase ◽

Characterization Of Solutions ◽

Two Phases

This paper uses empirical traffic data collected from three locations in Europe and the US to reveal a three-phase fundamental diagram with two phases located in the uncongested regime. Model-based clustering, hypothesis testing and regression analyses are applied to the speed–flow–occupancy relationship represented in the three-dimensional space to rigorously validate the three phases and identify their gaps. The finding is consistent across the aforementioned different geographical locations. Accordingly, we propose a three-phase macroscopic traffic flow model and a characterization of solutions to the Riemann problems. This work identifies critical structures in the fundamental diagram that are typically ignored in first- and higher-order models and could significantly impact travel time estimation on highways.

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Extrusion Based 3D Printing of Sustainable Biocomposites from Biocarbon and Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4164

Author(s):

Elizabeth Diederichs ◽

Maisyn Picard ◽

Boon Peng Chang ◽

Manjusri Misra ◽

Amar Mohanty

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Surface Finish ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Great Promise ◽

Structural Components ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Trimethylene Terephthalate ◽

Optimal Quantity

Three-dimensional (3D) printing manufactures intricate computer aided designs without time and resource spent for mold creation. The rapid growth of this industry has led to its extensive use in the automotive, biomedical, and electrical industries. In this work, biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) blends were combined with pyrolyzed biomass to create sustainable and novel printing materials. The Miscanthus biocarbon (BC), generated from pyrolysis at 650 °C, was combined with an optimized PTT blend at 5 and 10 wt % to generate filaments for extrusion 3D printing. Samples were printed and analyzed according to their thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. Although there were no significant differences seen in the mechanical properties between the two BC composites, the optimal quantity of BC was 5 wt % based upon dimensional stability, ease of printing, and surface finish. These printable materials show great promise for implementation into customizable, non-structural components in the electrical and automotive industries.

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Morphological and Physiological Characterization of Layer VI Corticofugal Neurons of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.01051.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 2854-2867 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Joshua C. Brumberg ◽

Farid Hamzei-Sichani ◽

Rafael Yuste

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Primary Visual Cortex ◽

Action Potentials ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Types ◽

Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Feedback Connection ◽

Physiological Characterization ◽

Layer Vi

Layer VI is the origin of the massive feedback connection from the cortex to the thalamus, yet its complement of cell types and their connections is poorly understood. The physiological and morphological properties of corticofugal neurons of layer VI of mouse primary visual cortex were investigated in slices loaded with the Ca2+indicator fura-2AM. To identify corticofugal neurons, electrical stimulation of the white matter (WM) was done in conjunction with calcium imaging to detect neurons that responded with changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in response to the stimulation. Subsequent whole cell recordings confirmed that they discharged antidromic action potentials after WM stimulation. Antidromically activated neurons were more excitable and had different spiking properties than neighboring nonantidromic neurons, although both groups had similar input resistances. Furthermore, antidromic neurons possessed narrower action potentials and smaller afterhyperpolarizations. Additionally, three-dimensional reconstructions indicated that antidromically activated neurons had a distinct morphology with longer apical dendrites and fewer nonprimary dendrites than nonantidromic cells. To identify the antidromic neurons, rhodamine microspheres were injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and allowed to retrogradely transport back to the somata of the layer VI cortico-geniculate neurons. Physiological and anatomical analysis indicated that most antidromic neurons were likely to be cortico-geniculate neurons. Our results show that cortico-thalamic neurons represent a specific functional and morphological class of layer VI neurons.

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