scholarly journals India

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (208) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Fiscal Discipline ◽  
Fiscal Responsibility ◽  
Public Financial Management ◽  
Fiscal Space ◽  
Priority Needs ◽  
Interest Payments

Although Tamil Nadu’s public financial management has been characterized by strong fiscal discipline to date, risks and challenges are emerging. The State has largely observed the Fiscal Responsibility Act targets on debts and deficit (25 percent and 3 percent to GSDP, respectively) except during the electricity bailout in 2016–17.1 However, these targets appear to have been met by (1) controlling and delaying expenditure, (2) underallocating mandated payments to various reserve funds, and (3) allowing off-budget borrowing by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Accordingly, the State’s borrowing capacity is restricted, leaving limited fiscal space to address high priority needs in education, health, electricity, roads, and water sectors, as well as to address growing infrastructure pressures. More than 63 percent of the State’s spending on current items is committed, to salaries, pensions, and interest payments. Little room remains for additional borrowing to fund spending pressures; moreover, climate change is likely to exacerbate fiscal risks from water stress and natural disasters.

scholarly journals Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Fiscal Responsibility ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Fiscal Transparency ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Public Financial Management ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Auditor General

This report updates the Fiscal Transparency Evaluation (FTE) of Kenya that was prepared in 2014 and published in 2016. The report is the first full update to be carried out in any country, a recent update of the Russian FTE having a more selective focus. Kenya has experienced a lot of structural and economic changes since 2014. At that time, the 2010 Constitution and the associated Public Financial Management (PFM) Act of 2012 were relatively new, and a radical reform of local government was in the process of transition. The Constitution and the PFM Act placed a strong emphasis on economic and fiscal transparency and accountability, for example, through the establishment of the National Treasury (NT), fiscal responsibility principles, the Parliamentary Budget Office, and enhanced powers of the Auditor General. The present report, like the 2014 assessment, focuses on the first three pillars of the Code. The authorities did not request the Fund to make an evaluation of Pillar IV (Resource Revenue Management) since the development of the oil sector in Kenya is at an early stage, with the volume of reserves uncertain and first oil not expected before 2022 at the earliest.

scholarly journals Analysis of public expenditure management in terms of respect for economic, social and cultural rights in the Republic of Moldova

Economica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Angela Secrieru ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Fiscal Discipline ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Public Financial Management ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Public Expenditure Management

To a great extent, respecting human rights in the Republic of Moldova is affected by unsatisfactory evolution of public expenditures and the way the latter are managed. The quality of public expenditure management, with an impact on respecting economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) is evaluated through the prism of basic objectives of public financial management, namely the following: maintaining strict financial discipline, allocating public financial resources in conformity with government’s priorities, efficient provision of public services. The central public administration and local public administrations from the Republic of Moldova are relatively more successful in consolidating fiscal discipline than in providing an efficient use of public expenditure in conformity with strategic priorities. The research argues the positive effect which can be made by improvement of public expenditure management on respecting ESCR in the Republic of Moldova.

scholarly journals Fifteen years later: moving forward Heller’s heritage on fiscal space for health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Barroy ◽  
Sanjeev Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Financial Management ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Fiscal Space ◽  
Policy And Planning

Abstract Economist Peter Heller, writing a seminal paper published in Health, Policy and Planning in 2006, identified five opportunities for expanding fiscal space for health: raising revenue, reprioritizing expenditure, borrowing, using seigniorage and mobilizing external grants. The development of the initial framework marked a significant conceptual advancement in health financing, by situating health reforms within a broader macro-fiscal context. Fifteen years later, fiscal space for health is not viewed simply as a question of finding additional revenues but also as a matter of improving public financial management (PFM) in the health sector, specifically for publicly funded health systems. This paper advances the concept of budgetary space for health, which explores available resources generated through greater overall public expenditure, prioritized budget allocations, and improved PFM. The paper adds a critical component, unpacking the ways through which PFM improvements can maximize budgetary space for health. The approach fits the realities of public finances in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals. The key implication is that PFM aspects should be systematically included in assessments of budgetary space to inform more effective country dialogues between the finance and health sectors.

Assessing and Reforming Public Financial Management

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Allen ◽  
Salvatore Schiavo-Campo ◽  
Thomas Columkill Garrity
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Public Financial Management

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Alaa Baazeem ◽  
Alicia Rodriguez ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
Naresh Magan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pistachio Nuts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spoilage Fungi

Pistachio nuts are an important economic tree nut crop which is used directly or processed for many food-related activities. They can become colonized by mycotoxigenic spoilage fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, mainly resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The prevailing climate in which these crops are grown changes as temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels increase, and episodes of extreme wet/dry cycles occur due to human industrial activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of interacting Climate Change (CC)-related abiotic factors of temperature (35 vs. 37 °C), CO2 (400 vs. 1000 ppm), and water stress (0.98–0.93 water activity, aw) on (a) growth (b) aflD and aflR biosynthetic gene expression and (c) AFB1 production by two strains A. flavus (AB3, AB10) in vitro on milled pistachio-based media and when colonizing layers of shelled raw pistachio nuts. The A. flavus strains were resilient in terms of growth on pistachio-based media and the colonisation of pistachio nuts with no significant difference when exposed to the interacting three-way climate-related abiotic factors. However, in vitro studies showed that AFB1 production was significantly stimulated (p < 0.05), especially when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 at 0.98–0.95 aw and 35 °C, and sometimes in the 37 °C treatment group at 0.98 aw. The relative expression of the structural aflD gene involved in AFB1 biosynthesis was decreased or only slightly increased, relative to the control conditions at elevated CO, regardless of the aw level examined. For the regulatory aflR gene expression, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 1000 ppm CO2 and 37 °C for both strains, especially at 0.95 aw. The in situ colonization of pistachio nuts resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of AFB1 production at 35 °C and 1000 ppm CO2 for both strains, especially at 0.98 aw. At 37 °C, AFB1 production was either decreased, in strain AB3, or remained similar, as in strain AB10, when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2. This suggests that CC factors may have a differential effect, depending on the interacting conditions of temperature, exposure to CO2 and the level of water stress on AFB1 production.

scholarly journals Development of a Shipment Policy for Collection Centers

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1385
Author(s):  
Irais Mora-Ochomogo ◽  
Marco Serrato ◽  
Jaime Mora-Vargas ◽  
Raha Akhavan-Tabatabaei
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Markov Decision Process ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Unsatisfied Demand

Natural disasters represent a latent threat for every country in the world. Due to climate change and other factors, statistics show that they continue to be on the rise. This situation presents a challenge for the communities and the humanitarian organizations to be better prepared and react faster to natural disasters. In some countries, in-kind donations represent a high percentage of the supply for the operations, which presents additional challenges. This research proposes a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model to resemble operations in collection centers, where in-kind donations are received, sorted, packed, and sent to the affected areas. The decision addressed is when to send a shipment considering the uncertainty of the donations’ supply and the demand, as well as the logistics costs and the penalty of unsatisfied demand. As a result of the MDP a Monotone Optimal Non-Decreasing Policy (MONDP) is proposed, which provides valuable insights for decision-makers within this field. Moreover, the necessary conditions to prove the existence of such MONDP are presented.

scholarly journals Climate Change, Weather, Housing Precarity, and Homelessness: A Systematic Review of Reviews

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5812
Author(s):  
Mariya Bezgrebelna ◽  
Kwame McKenzie ◽  
Samantha Wells ◽  
Arun Ravindran ◽  
Michael Kral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Review Of Reviews ◽  
The Impact

This systematic review of reviews was conducted to examine housing precarity and homelessness in relation to climate change and weather extremes internationally. In a thematic analysis of 15 reviews (5 systematic and 10 non-systematic), the following themes emerged: risk factors for homelessness/housing precarity, temperature extremes, health concerns, structural factors, natural disasters, and housing. First, an increased risk of homelessness has been found for people who are vulnerably housed and populations in lower socio-economic positions due to energy insecurity and climate change-induced natural hazards. Second, homeless/vulnerably-housed populations are disproportionately exposed to climatic events (temperature extremes and natural disasters). Third, the physical and mental health of homeless/vulnerably-housed populations is projected to be impacted by weather extremes and climate change. Fourth, while green infrastructure may have positive effects for homeless/vulnerably-housed populations, housing remains a major concern in urban environments. Finally, structural changes must be implemented. Recommendations for addressing the impact of climate change on homelessness and housing precarity were generated, including interventions focusing on homelessness/housing precarity and reducing the effects of weather extremes, improved housing and urban planning, and further research on homelessness/housing precarity and climate change. To further enhance the impact of these initiatives, we suggest employing the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA).

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