scholarly journals Pandemics and Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (278) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vybhavi Balasundharam ◽  
Era Dabla-Norris
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Market ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
The Future ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
Social Safety Nets ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
College Educated ◽  
Beliefs About The Future

This paper uses an individual-level survey conducted by the Edelman Trust Barometer in mid-April for 11 advanced and emerging market economies to examine perceptions of government performance in managing the health and economic crisis, beliefs about the future, and attitudes about redistribution. We find that women, non-college educated, the unemployed, and those in non-teleworkable jobs systematically have less favorable perceptions of government responses. Personally experiencing illness or job loss caused by the pandemic can shape people’s beliefs about the future, heightening uncertainties about prolonged job losses, and the imminent threat from automation. Economic anxieties are amplified in countries that experienced an early surge in infections followed by successful containment, suggesting that negative beliefs can persist. Support for pro-equality redistributive policies varies, depending on personal experiences and views about the poor. However, we find strong willingness to provide social safety nets for vulnerable individuals and firms by those who have a more favorable perception of government responses, suggesting that effective government actions can promote support for redistributive policies.

scholarly journals Facing the Future: A Blueprint for a Resilient and Equitable Society: Connecting the Functional Building Blocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
F. Bocken ◽  
E. Brennan ◽  
N. Claessens ◽  
D. Claeys ◽  
S. Debeaussaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Future ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Unemployed

Abstract Contemporary society is plagued by a number of issues and inconsistencies on both an environmental and a socio-economic level. Reliance on bank loans forces debtors to seek means to repay their debts, thus facilitating the current boundless economic growth in which long-term, environmental considerations typically come second. On the individual level, since virtually nothing is free, everyone has to ensure his or her own livelihood, mostly in the form of wage labour. For fear of poverty, the unemployed must adjust to the needs of the job market and risk not being able to fully explore their potential. Other socio-economic groups also face stigmatisation, and inequality is rampant as a result of the pervasive market-based pricing mechanisms. In view of these issues, it seems unjustified to accept these terms and conditions in the future, especially since the West has to cater to its ageing population and the ensuing pressure this will exert on welfare systems. Therefore, as a transdisciplinary team assisted by various experts and armed with insights from a wide <target target-type="page-num" id="p-2"/>variety of sources, we propose an alternative model of society based on the values of fairness, inclusion and transparency, with the goal of developing a representative systems map for a future, resilient and equitable society. The exact workings of this society are captured by several building blocks, which together endeavour to cover the full range of functions and responsibilities associated with society today, and jointly promote democratisation while guaranteeing equal political representation for all members of society.

Becoming Politicized

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Barkas ◽  
Xenia Chryssochoou
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Beliefs About The Future ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
The Way

Abstract. This research took place just after the end of the protests following the killing of a 16-year-old boy by a policeman in Greece in December 2008. Participants (N = 224) were 16-year-olds in different schools in Attiki. Informed by the Politicized Collective Identity Model ( Simon & Klandermans, 2001 ), a questionnaire measuring grievances, adversarial attributions, emotions, vulnerability, identifications with students and activists, and questions about justice and Greek society in the future, as well as about youngsters’ participation in different actions, was completed. Four profiles of the participants emerged from a cluster analysis using representations of the conflict, emotions, and identifications with activists and students. These profiles differed on beliefs about the future of Greece, participants’ economic vulnerability, and forms of participation. Importantly, the clusters corresponded to students from schools of different socioeconomic areas. The results indicate that the way young people interpret the events and the context, their levels of identification, and the way they represent society are important factors of their political socialization that impacts on their forms of participation. Political socialization seems to be related to youngsters’ position in society which probably constitutes an important anchoring point of their interpretation of the world.

The future of national economies with developing economies markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
A. Martynov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Emerging Market Economies ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
National Economies

The article is devoted to the increasingly relevant topic of further approval of emerging market economies (EME). The author substantiates the position that there is a fundamental similarity between the national economies of the former socialist countries, which are now appropriately called postsocialist, and an impressive number of postdeveloping countries. Special attention is focused on an unexplored issue concerning the consequences of the expected nearfuture unprecedented technological and resource changes in relation to EME.

Knowledge and Beliefs About the Future

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-128
Author(s):  
John C. Pierce ◽  
Nicholas P. Lovrich ◽  
Taketsugu Tsurutani ◽  
Takematsu Abe
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
The Future ◽  
Beliefs About The Future

The Extra-Institutional Logics of an Emerging Market Field: Values and Practice in the Bitcoin Experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Kinney
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Market Activity ◽  
The Future ◽  
Logics Of Action

Mature fields of market activity are characterized by clear norms, entrenched meanings, and rigid power hierarchies that stabilize logics of action. However, how do logics of action emerge in a nascent field of market activity that lacks these types of institutions? To answer this question, I draw on theories of institutions and markets to examine the experiences of 23 adopters of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin during 2015 to 2016. Utilizing an iterative combination of correspondence analysis (CA) techniques and narrative analysis, I show how Bitcoin adoption was motivated by competing value frameworks that corresponded to different user types in the system. This resulted in the emergence novel “extra-institutional logics” that supported the growth of Bitcoin as a whole despite being centered on different visions for the future of the system. These logics provide a unique glimpse into how Bitcoin was able to survive during a period of notable instability preceding a historic market bubble. This article provides support for dynamic theories of markets and demonstrates how logics of action are tethered to the characteristics of the fields in which they emerge.

scholarly journals Predicting the Future: Art and Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-911
Author(s):  
Akos Rona-Tas
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Governance

Abstract Predictive algorithms are replacing the art of human judgement in rapidly growing areas of social life. By offering pattern recognition as forecast, predictive algorithms mechanically project the past onto the future, embracing a peculiar notion of time where the future is different in no radical way from the past and present, and a peculiar world where human agency is absent. Yet, prediction is about agency, we predict the future to change it. At the individual level, the psychological literature has concluded that in the realm of predictions, human judgement is inferior to algorithmic methods. At the sociological level, however, human judgement is often preferred over algorthms. We show how human and algorithmic predictions work in three social contexts—consumer credit, college admissions and criminal justice—and why people have good reasons to rely on human judgement. We argue that mechanical and overly successful local predictions can result in self-fulfilling prophecies and, eventually, global polarization and chaos. Finally, we look at algorithmic prediction as a form of societal and political governance and discuss how it is currently being constructed as a wide net of control by market processes in the USA and by government fiat in China.

scholarly journals The Survival of the Welfare State

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hassler ◽  
José V Rodríguez Mora ◽  
Kjetil Storesletten ◽  
Fabrizio Zilibotti
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Markov Perfect ◽  
Private Investments ◽  
The Future ◽  
Model Features ◽  
Perfect Equilibria ◽  
The Welfare State

This paper provides an analytical characterization of Markov perfect equilibria in a model with repeated voting, where agents vote over distortionary income redistribution. A key result is that the future constituency for redistributive policies depends positively on current redistribution, since this affects both private investments and the future distribution of voters. The model features multiple equilibria. In some equilibria, positive redistribution persists forever. In other equilibria, even a majority of beneficiaries of redistribution vote strategically so as to induce the end of the welfare state next period. Skill-biased technical change makes the survival of the welfare state less likely.

Why God's beliefs are not hard-type soft facts

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
DAVID WIDERKER
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Relational Properties ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Constitutive Properties ◽  
Soft Fact ◽  
Beliefs About The Future ◽  
Hard Type

John Fischer has attacked the Ockhamistic solution to the freedom–foreknowledge dilemma by arguing that: (1) God's prior beliefs about the future, though being soft facts about the past, are soft facts of a special sort, what he calls ‘hard-type soft facts’, i.e. soft facts, the constitutive properties of which are ‘hard’, or ‘temporally non-relational properties’; (2) in this respect, such facts are like regular past facts which are subject to the fixity of the past. In this paper, I take issue with this argument by Fischer, claiming that it does not succeed for two reasons: (i) Fischer's account of the notion of a hard property is unsatisfactory; (ii) his notion of a hard-type soft fact is incoherent. Despite this criticism, I agree with Fischer that there is a fundamental difference between God's beliefs about the future and regular soft facts with regard to their fixity-status, but I argue that the reason for this difference is that God's forebeliefs are plain hard facts about the past.

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