Ethology, Neurophysiology, Neuropharmacology, Sex Differences, and Effects of Stress on the Defensive Burying Paradigm: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Koblanski ◽  
Tristan Philippe
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stress Adaptation ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Passive Coping ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Coping Responses ◽  
Defensive Burying ◽  
Stressor Controllability

The defensive burying paradigm can inform how stressor controllability affects stress adaptation, which has clinical implications with regards to adaptive coping responses following presentation with a stressful situation. Active coping (notably defensive burying) is associated with a controllable stressor, promoting stress adaptation, thus decreases stress hormone levels. In opposition, chronic stress and uncontrollable stressors lead to an increase in passive coping behaviours, with elevated stress hormone levels. Several brain regions have been implicated in active and passive coping, as well as neurotransmitter systems, which can be evaluated via pharmacological manipulation. No sex differences were found in defensive burying, although there were effects of sex hormones within sex.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

Urinary and Salivary Stress Hormone Levels While Performing Arithmetic Calculation in a Noisy Environment.

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi MIKI ◽  
Kouki KAWAMORITA ◽  
Yutaka ARAGA ◽  
Toshimitsu MUSHA ◽  
Ayako SUDO
Keyword(s):  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Hormone Levels

Sex differences in brain regions activated by grammatical and reading tasks

Neuroreport ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2803-2807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeri J. Jaeger ◽  
Alan H. Lockwood ◽  
Robert D. Van Valin ◽  
David L. Kemmerer ◽  
Brian W. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Regions

Acute melatonin and para-chloroamphetamine interactions on pineal, brain and serum serotonin levels as well as stress hormone levels

2001 ◽  
Vol 909 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehrine J.P Manzana ◽  
Wei-Jung A Chen ◽  
Thomas H Champney
Keyword(s):  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Serum Serotonin

scholarly journals Glucoregulation and coping behavior after chronic stress: sex differences across the lifespan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carley Dearing ◽  
Rachel Morano ◽  
Elaine Ptaskiewicz ◽  
Parinaz Mahbod ◽  
Jessie R Scheimann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Coping Behavior ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Passive Coping

AbstractExposure to prolonged stress during adolescence taxes adaptive and homeostatic processes leading to deleterious behavioral and metabolic outcomes. Although previous pre-clinical studies found effects of early life stress on cognition and stress hormone reactivity, these studies largely focused on males. The purpose of the current study was to determine how biological sex shapes behavioral coping and metabolic health across the lifespan after chronic stress. We hypothesized that examining chronic stress-induced behavioral and endocrine outcomes would reveal sex differences in the biological basis of susceptibility. During the late adolescent period, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats experienced chronic variable stress (CVS). Following completion of CVS, all rats experienced a forced swim test (FST) followed 3 days later by a fasted glucose tolerance test (GTT). The FST was used to determine coping in response to a stressor. Endocrine metabolic function was evaluated in the GTT by measuring glucose and corticosterone, the primary rodent glucocorticoid. Animals then aged to 15 months when the FST and GTT were repeated. In young animals, chronically stressed females exhibited more passive coping and corticosterone release in the FST. Additionally, chronically stressed females had elevated corticosterone and impaired glucose clearance in the GTT. Aging affected all measurements as behavioral and endocrine outcomes were sex specific. Furthermore, regression analysis between hormonal and behavioral responses identified associations depending on sex and stress. Collectively, these data indicate female susceptibility to the effects of chronic stress during adolescence. Further, translational investigation of coping style and glucose homeostasis may identify biomarkers for stress-related disorders.

scholarly journals Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
New Era ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Opioid Sensitivity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Brain

Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.

scholarly journals Telomere length is inversely correlated with urinary stress hormone levels in healthy controls but not in un-medicated depressed individuals-preliminary findings

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Fair ◽  
Synthia H. Mellon ◽  
Elissa S. Epel ◽  
Jue Lin ◽  
Dóra Révész ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels

scholarly journals Acute stress enhances adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis and activation of newborn neurons via secreted astrocytic FGF2

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D Kirby ◽  
Sandra E Muroy ◽  
Wayne G Sun ◽  
David Covarrubias ◽  
Megan J Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells ◽  
Newborn Neurons

Stress is a potent modulator of the mammalian brain. The highly conserved stress hormone response influences many brain regions, particularly the hippocampus, a region important for memory function. The effect of acute stress on the unique population of adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) that resides in the adult hippocampus is unclear. We found that acute stress increased hippocampal cell proliferation and astrocytic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression. The effect of acute stress occurred independent of basolateral amygdala neural input and was mimicked by treating isolated NPCs with conditioned media from corticosterone-treated primary astrocytes. Neutralization of FGF2 revealed that astrocyte-secreted FGF2 mediated stress-hormone-induced NPC proliferation. 2 weeks, but not 2 days, after acute stress, rats also showed enhanced fear extinction memory coincident with enhanced activation of newborn neurons. Our findings suggest a beneficial role for brief stress on the hippocampus and improve understanding of the adaptive capacity of the brain.

Gingival crevicular fluid and saliva stress hormone levels in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1024-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Cakmak ◽  
Zekeriya Tasdemir ◽  
Cuneyt Asim Aral ◽  
Serkan Dundar ◽  
Halit Bugra Koca
Keyword(s):  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Aggressive Periodontitis ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Crevicular Fluid
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