I Will Take Your Own Golf Stick and Wham the World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane Demas
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
World War ◽  
Civil Rights Organizations ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
The U.S

This chapter analyzes key legal battles over golf integration after World War II and the role played by the NAACP and other national civil rights organizations in waging that fight, including leading litigators Constance Baker Motley and Thurgood Marshall. It explores the ongoing battles to desegregate America’s municipal courses in the 1950s and 1960s—such as the most important legal case, Holmes v. Atlanta—and emphasizes how national black organizations debated the game’s value and whether to support legal challenges to segregated golf in North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Here the narrative transitions from stories of individuals and local groups who took up the game to one of national organizations and institutions sustaining black players and challenging racial discrimination in golf, including before the U.S. Supreme Court. Yet still there was no consensus on the game’s social significance or its value to African Americans. Just as local communities failed to rectify the tension between black golfers as symbolic of integration and economic promise—or symbolic of elitism and racial tokenism—so too did national organizations like the UGA and NAACP fail to reach a consensus on the game’s larger meanings.

The Age of Segregation, 1900–1950

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-152
Author(s):  
Donald G. Nieman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
World War ◽  
Civil Rights Organizations ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The New Deal

This chapter argues that segregation generated organized opposition from African Americans and a small group of whites that challenged the system. Segregation was rigid, capricious, and designed to demonstrate white power. While it kept most blacks in menial positions, a small black middle class emerged that produced leaders who attacked Jim Crow. The organization leading the charge was the NAACP, which developed publicity, lobbying, and litigation campaigns. The effort gained steam in the 1930s, as a cadre of black lawyers challenged segregated education, the CIO and the Communist party championed civil rights, and the New Deal gave blacks a voice in federal policy. It further accelerated during World War II as the federal government challenged workplace discrimination, membership in civil rights organizations swelled, black veterans demanded their rights, and the Supreme Court became more aggressive on civil rights.

Underwater Archaeology of the World Wars

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Neyland
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
World War ◽  
Marine Archaeology ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

This article describes shipwrecks from the World Wars. For marine archaeology, there are numerous archaeological sites to dive on, research, and analyze. World War II in Europe resulted in staggering losses of shipping and lives. There were changes in naval warfare that resulted from the technological development of weapons capable of sinking ships. This article highlights archaeological research on world war shipwrecks, which focuses on identifying the locations of wrecks and the causes of sinking. The U.S. Navy's wrecks are distributed in every major body of water and represent many questions formulated in World War archaeology. Furthermore, this article highlights the fact that the shipwrecks of the World Wars pose environmental concerns. Shipwreck finds from the World Wars will undoubtedly continue until all the larger ships and notable aircraft have been found, for such is the fascination with discovery and the history of the lost ships and aircraft of those conflicts.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Nancy Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many ◽  
A Site ◽  
The U.S

This epilogue addresses how David Whippy, Mary D. Wallis, and John B. Williams—as they pursued respect in different ways—became party to the many changes taking place in Fiji due to foreign influence. Whippy, Wallis, and Williams were all involved, in one way or another, in the U.S.–Fiji trade. In the twentieth century, new incentives enticed Americans to Fiji. American global activism and private development schemes involved Fiji as much as other places around the world, and medical aid and research sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation and a Carnegie Library at Suva introduced new forms of American influence in the islands. World War II, of course, brought Americans to the islands in droves. However, the main avenue by which Americans would come to Fiji was through the third wave of economic development that succeeded the sugar plantations of colonial Fiji: tourism. Now that the face of Fiji presented to the rest of the world evokes pleasure instead of fear, references to the cannibal isles have become nothing more than a nostalgic nod to Fiji's past. Previously considered a site of American wealth production, the islands have now become a site of American consumption.

Interracial Activism in the Los Angeles Community Service Organization: Linking the World War II and Civil Rights Eras

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Service Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Service Organization

Through the lens of the Community Service Organization (CSO), this article explores the emergence of Los Angeles ethno-racial communities' political activism and what enabled their success in a difficult Cold War climate. The CSO's creation in 1947, when it became the first enduring civil rights organization for the largest urban Mexican-origin population in the United States, is striking since historical narratives generally assume the Cold War crushed meaningful civil rights change. The CSO complicates this declensionist narrative. Its success stemmed in part from its reliance upon interracial networks that sustained it in its early years. The CSO reveals links between different racial and ethnic communities, in three different eras—the World War II, Cold War, and civil rights eras—that made the emergence and persistence of such activism possible.

Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and Oceanography at the Scripps Institution

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Rainger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
World War ◽  
Scripps Institution ◽  
The World ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

In the years between 1940 and 1955, American oceanography experienced considerable change. Nowhere was that more true than at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. There Roger Revelle (1909-1991) played a major role in transforming a small, seaside laboratory into one of the leading oceanographic centers in the world. This paper explores the impact that World War II had on oceanography and his career. Through an analysis of his activities as a naval officer responsible for promoting oceanography in the navy and wartime civilian laboratories, this article examines his understanding of the relationship between military patronage and scientific research and the impact that this relationship had on disciplinary and institutional developments at Scripps.

scholarly journals African Americans and the Struggle for Opportunity in Florida Public Higher Education, 1947-1977

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Johnson ◽  
Deirdre Cobb-Roberts ◽  
Barbara Shircliffe
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Civil Rights Organizations ◽  
Education Report

In the decades following World War II, access to higher education became an important vehicle for expanding opportunity in the United States. The African American-led Civil Rights Movement challenged discrimination in higher education at a time when state and federal government leaders saw strengthening public higher education as necessary for future economic growth and development. Nationally, the 1947 President's Commission on Higher Education report Higher Education for American Democracy advocated dismantling racial, geographic, and economic barriers to college by radically expanding public higher education, to be accomplished in large part through the development of community colleges. Although these goals were widely embraced across the country, in the South, white leaders rejected the idea that racial segregation stood in the way of progress. During the decades following World War II, white southern educational and political leaders resisted attempts by civil rights organizations to include desegregation as part of the expansion of public higher education.

Cultural Historical Contexts

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Misa Kayama ◽  
Wendy L. Haight ◽  
May-Lee Ku ◽  
Minhae Cho ◽  
Hee Yun Lee
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Folk Beliefs ◽  
The U.S

This chapter introduces some of the cultural-historical background necessary to understanding the perspectives of educators in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. While recognizing the complex, evolving nature of culture, it provides an overview of some broadly shared, culturally embedded ideas about disability, stigmatization, and the self that are prevalent in East Asia and the U.S. In East Asian contexts, these include culturally specific folk beliefs, Confucianism, Buddhism, internationalism, and Westernization; as well as important historical events shaping modern educational systems put in place after World War II. In the multicultural U.S. context, common ideas and educational practices relevant to disability are shaped by ideas pertaining to individuality, independence, achievement, and internationalism, as well as important historical events such as the civil rights movement.

Historical Development of Social Pedagogy

2022 ◽  
pp. 68-89
Author(s):  
Lazarus D. M. Oupa Lebeloane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
World War ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Social Pedagogy ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Pedagogue

Every field of study and/or subject has its history. Not knowing the historical development deprives whoever is studying that subject from knowing its strengths and weaknesses. That includes factors that contribute to its theory, such as the ideological perspectives, frames of reference, social significance, present status, and position in the system of science. That is why it is important that every social pedagogue, educator, social worker, and other experts who engage in education and educational work know the roots, the development, and today's state of social pedagogy as a science; it is important for anyone involved in research and practical work to improve its theory and practice and to enrich and improve it. This chapter discusses the historical development of social pedagogy. In focusing on its development, Natorpo's concept of social pedagogy is discussed, and the path of developing social pedagogy after World War II in other parts of the world, such as Croatia, is highlighted. After this focus, a conclusion is reached.

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