A Sort of Backwoods Guerrilla Warfare

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-229
Author(s):  
Ben Nobbs-Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Transnational History ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Agricultural Community ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter explores the intertwined migration and expansion of two temperate zone transplants—Mennonites and soybeans—in semitropical Santa Cruz. The transnational history of Bolivian Mennonites offers several interrelated ironies that drive home the paradox of national development in lowland Bolivia. A revolutionary nation-state that sought to use colonization to transform traditional Indigenous subjects into citizens welcomed foreign Mennonites and explicitly freed them from the central components of modern citizenship. Seeking to develop modern, market-oriented agribusiness on its eastern frontier, the MNR invited a traditionalist agricultural community that shunned a wide range of technological innovations. Yet, surprisingly, horse-and-buggy Mexican Mennonites emerged over the following fifty years as exactly the sort of model, mechanized farmers the Bolivian state hoped to create of its own citizenry. In particular, the chapter situates Mennonites amid the dramatic expansion of late twentieth century soybean production that has converted the forested heart of the continent into the world’s preeminent soy region. By then, the logic of the March to the East had definitively shifted from national self-sufficiency to the export of profitable cash crops. Mennonites stood at the center of this neo-extractivism even as they continued to produce dairy within an earlier logic of food security.

From Organisms to World Society

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
World Society ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Sociology Of Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This article proposes to analyze the idea of organism and other closely related ideas (function, differentiation, etc.) using a combination of semantic fields analysis from conceptual history and the notion of boundary objects from the sociology of scientific knowledge. By tackling a wide range of source material, the article charts the nomadic existence of organism and opens up new vistas for an integrated history of the natural and human sciences. First, the boundaries are less clear-cut between disciplines like biology and sociology than previously believed. Second, a long and transdisciplinary tradition of talking about organismic and societal systems in highly functionalist terms comes into view. Third, the approach shows that conceptions of a world society in Niklas Luhmann's variant are not semantic innovations of the late twentieth century. Rather, their history can be traced back to organicist sociology and its forgotten pioneers, especially Albert Schäffle or Guillaume de Greef, during the last decades of the nineteenth century.

Insurrection as warfare, terrorism, and revolutionary design

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Loadenthal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Affinity Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Separatist Movements ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
The Invisible

The aim of this chapter is to position insurrectionary methods within a more diverse history of militant resistance; specially those socio-political movements employing urban guerrilla warfare. This discussion begins by outlining the strategy of insurrectionary warfare based in the more centrally located movements texts such as The Coming Insurrection authored by the Invisible Committee. These strategic proscriptions are compared to Marxist-Leninist and national-separatist movements of the mid to late twentieth century to both demonstrate the similarity and highlight difference. This approach argues that modern insurrectionary methods can be understood as a rearticulation of the strategy of urban guerrilla warfare based in the model of the affinity group, and adoptable moniker popularized during the period of anti-globalization summit hopping. This chapter also examines key inter-movement questions such as ‘Is insurrectionary violence considered terrorism?’, and ‘Clandestine cells carrying out attacks claim responsibility for their actions?’

Nine Centuries of Man

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

What did it mean to be a man in Scotland over the past nine centuries? Scotland, with its stereotypes of the kilted warrior and the industrial ‘hard man’, has long been characterised in masculine terms, but there has been little historical exploration of masculinity in a wider context. This interdisciplinary collection examines a diverse range of the multiple and changing forms of masculinities from the late eleventh to the late twentieth century, exploring the ways in which Scottish society through the ages defined expectations for men and their behaviour. How men reacted to those expectations is examined through sources such as documentary materials, medieval seals, romances, poetry, begging letters, police reports and court records, charity records, oral histories and personal correspondence. Focusing upon the wide range of activities and roles undertaken by men – work, fatherhood and play, violence and war, sex and commerce – the book also illustrates the range of masculinities that affected or were internalised by men. Together, the chapters illustrate some of the ways Scotland’s gender expectations have changed over the centuries and how, more generally, masculinities have informed the path of Scottish history

URBAN DISPLACEMENT AND LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN CITY FROM THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Knight ◽  
Mohammad Gharipour
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

How can urban redevelopment benefit existing low-income communities? The history of urban redevelopment is one of disruption of poor communities. Renewal historically offered benefits to the place while pushing out the people. In some cases, displacement is intentional, in others it is unintentional. Often, it is the byproduct of the quest for profits. Regardless of motives, traditional communities, defined by cultural connections, are often disrupted. Disadvantaged neighborhoods include vacant units, which diminish the community and hold back investment. In the postwar period, American cities entered into a program of urban renewal. While this program cleared blight, it also drove displacement among the cities’ poorest and was particularly hard on minority populations clustered in downtown slums. The consequences of these decisions continue to play out today. Concentration of poverty is increasing and American cities are becoming more segregated. As neighborhoods improve, poorer residents are uprooted and forced into even more distressed conditions, elsewhere. This paper examines the history of events impacting urban communities. It further reviews the successes and failures of efforts to benefit low-income communities.

The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-99
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Colby
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Despite the central importance of festival and devotional piety to premodernMuslims, book-length studies in this field have been relatively rare.Katz’s work, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, represents a tour-deforceof critical scholarship that advances the field significantly both throughits engagement with textual sources from the formative period to the presentand through its judicious use of theoretical tools to analyze this material. Asits title suggests, the work strives to explore how Muslims have alternativelypromoted and contested the commemoration of the Prophet’s birth atdifferent points in history, with a particular emphasis on how the devotionalistapproach, which was prominent in the pre-modern era, fell out of favoramong Middle Eastern Sunnis in the late twentieth century. Aimed primarilyat specialists in Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, especially scholarsof history, law, and religion, this work is recommended to anyone interestedin the history of Muslim ritual, the history of devotion to the Prophet, andthe interplay between normative and non-normative forms ofMuslim beliefand practice ...

The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Freidenfelds
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Unrealistic Expectation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy is a history of why Americans came to have the unrealistic expectation of perfect pregnancies and to mourn even very early miscarriages. The introduction explains that miscarriage is a common phenomenon and a natural part of healthy women’s childbearing: approximately 20 percent of confirmed pregnancies spontaneously miscarry, mostly in the first months of gestation. Eight topical chapters describe childbearing and pregnancy loss in colonial America; the rise of birth control from the late eighteenth century to the present; changes in parenting from the early nineteenth century to the present that increasingly focused attention on the emotional relationship between parent and child; the twentieth-century rise of prenatal care and maternal education about embryonic growth; the twentieth-century blossoming of a consumer culture that marketed baby items to pregnant women; the abortion debates from the mid-twentieth century to the present; the late twentieth-century introduction of obstetric ultrasound and its evolution into a pregnancy ritual of “meeting the baby” as early as eight weeks’ gestation; and the late twentieth-century introduction of home pregnancy testing and the identification of pregnancy as early as several days before a missed period. The conclusion offers suggestions for how women and their families, health-care providers, and the maternity care industry can better handle pregnancy and address miscarriage.

EXODUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schechner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This essay by Richard Schechner dedicated to a mythical figure of the theater of the late twentieth century; a work of critical reconstruction that has contributed decisively to consolidating the legacy of Grotowski, just a few months after his death. In addition to fixing some essential terms of the vocabulary, together with the contents and the periodization of the Grotowskian work (aspects that Grotowski in life were entrusted exclusively to oral transmission), the essay retraces the formation of Grotowski, the aspects linked to his character, the specific forms of his research and his transmission of knowledge, the exercise of leadership, the role of his collaborators, the sources, the mystical side, his relationship with the spirit of time, the importance (and weakness) of his opera, in the history of twentieth century theater.

Mourning Otherwise

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athena Athanasiou
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Central Aspect ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
A Site ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter engages the discursive conditions that made ethno-nationalist ideologies and armed conflicts of the 1990s possible and probable. Indeed, the question of how to recall the late twentieth-century history of former Yugoslavia constitutes a central aspect of the Women in Black labour of memory. The dissolution of Yugoslavia, especially the normalization of nationalist military violence in the mid-1990s, has manifested gendered norms as constitutive of nationalist discourses. Drawing on the ways in which the movement performatively brings forth an alternative public to embody the potentiality of displaced memory, this chapter argues in favor of breaking through the universalist, moralist, and humanist scripts of mourning. It seeks to make sense of the politically enabling ways in which these activists stage mourning as a site of agonistic resignification in order to interrogate the injustices and foreclosures which sustain dominant regimes of grievability, in Judith Butler’s terms.

My Path

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Marion
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Academic System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
New Philosophers ◽  
French Intellectuals ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter explains Marion’s intellectual, cultural, and religious background and academic pathway. It provides an account of French intellectual life in the late twentieth century, including the student revolutions and the movement of the “New Philosophers.” It also discusses the contribution of several prominent French intellectuals. Marion outlines the history of the founding of the Catholic lay journal Communio and comments on the importance of several twentieth-century theologians. He also discusses the French academic system and its future.

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