Degrees of Freedom: Do Graduate Women escape the Motherhood Gap in Pensions?

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Ginn ◽  
Sara Arber
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Private Pension ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Pension Coverage ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers’ employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a young graduate mother is likely to maintain almost continuous full time employment, with minimal loss of lifetime earnings and no loss of pension income. This paper uses data from the British General Household Surveys from 1994-1996 to examine how the impact of childrearing on women's full and part time employment, earnings and private pension coverage varies according to educational level. Less than half of women with dependent children were employed full time in all educational groups, including graduates. Even among women graduates, only a third of those with a pre- school child were in full time employment. Motherhood substantially reduced women's earnings and private pension coverage at all educational levels, indicating the scale of losses in lifetime earnings and hence in private pension entitlements. The motherhood gap in private pension coverage was least for graduates and greatest for mid-skilled women but in view of the amount of the motherhood gap among graduates it is concluded that the pension protective effect of a degree for mothers has been overstated.

scholarly journals Employee satisfaction and use of flexible working arrangements

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Change Score ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Score Analysis ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

This article considers the impact of flexible working arrangements (FWAs), using the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society, 2001–10/11. Results of panel logit, ANCOVA and change-score analysis are indicative of positive impacts from use of a number of FWAs, including homeworking having positive effects for men and women on job and leisure satisfaction. However, findings reveal gaps in availability and use of FWAs, and highlight the gendered nature of flexible employment. Flexi-time, the most common FWA among men, has positive effects as it facilitates management of household responsibilities while maintaining full-time employment. Part-time and homeworking are also positive, consistent with men using FWAs with a greater degree of choice. Women more often are constrained in their use of FWAs, often into working reduced hours. Consequently, FWAs have negative impacts for some women, on job (part-time when used for extended periods, flexi-time), leisure (job-share, flexi-time) and life satisfaction (job-share).

The Impact on Employment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor Forgacs ◽  
Sara Dolnicar
Keyword(s):  
Just In Time ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Contingent Employment ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Income

Contingent (just-in-time, or gig) employment is on the rise in tourism and hospitality. People in contingent employment are not offered long-term contracts, but are called upon when needed. This chapter explores whether peer-to-peer accommodation networks are part of the problem or part of the solution. They create new challenges by increasing the competitive pressure on the established commercial sector, which leads to a reduction in jobs and a conversion of full-time to contingent employment. But they also offer new employment opportunities: without entry barriers, people can earn additional income by renting out spare space, and other opportunities – especially for a workforce trained in hospitality – are emerging as listing managers for hosts. These jobs may be particularly suitable to people traditionally struggling with full-time employment arrangements.

scholarly journals Research Note: Gender Differences in Employment During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Demography ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Villarreal ◽  
Wei-hsin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on gender disparities in three employment outcomes: labor force participation, full-time employment, and unemployment. Using data from the monthly Current Population Survey, in this research note we test individual fixed-effects models to examine the employment status of women relative to that of men in the nine months following the onset of the epidemic in March of 2020. We also test separate models to examine differences between women and men based on the presence of young children. Because the economic effects of the epidemic coincided with the summer months, when women's employment often declines, we account for seasonality in women's employment status. After doing so, we find that women's full-time employment did not decline significantly relative to that of men during the months following the beginning of the epidemic. Gender gaps in unemployment and labor force participation did increase, however, in the early and later months of the year, respectively. Our findings regarding women's labor force participation and employment have implications for our understanding of the long-term effects of the health crisis on other demographic outcomes.

Occupations, age and gender: Men and women’s earnings in the Irish labour market

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-295
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Christine Cross ◽  
Caroline Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

While many studies investigate gender wage disparities, few have examined the impact of gender, education, part-time working and sector on earnings for men and women across different occupational groups and for different age groups. The purpose of this article is to undertake a more nuanced approach to further our understanding of the gender pay difference between men and women in different occupations in order to tackle and close this gap. The study’s findings suggest that the labour market is segmented into primary and secondary jobs. Additionally, the earnings returns for education are generally lower for women compared to men and women appear to fare better in the public sector in terms of a lower earnings gap for full-time and part-time employees and higher returns for education compared to women working in the private sector. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications.

scholarly journals Maternal work hours in early to middle childhood link to later adolescent diet quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1861-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianghong Li ◽  
Therese O'Sullivan ◽  
Sarah Johnson ◽  
Fiona Stanley ◽  
Wendy Oddy
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Maternal Work ◽  
Adolescent Diet ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies on maternal work hours and child diet quality have reported conflicting findings possibly due to differences in study design, lack of a comprehensive measure of diet quality and differing ages of the children under investigation. The present study aimed to prospectively examine the impact of parental work hours from age 1 year to age 14 years on adolescent diet quality.DesignMultivariate linear regression models were used to examine independent associations between parents’ work hours at each follow-up and across 14 years and adolescent diet quality at age 14 years. A diet quality index was based on the international literature and Australian recommendations, consisting of six food groups and nine nutrients.SettingPerth, Western Australia.SubjectsChildren (n 1629) participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study.ResultsCompared with children of mothers in full-time employment, children of mothers who were not employed in early childhood up to age 5 years had a higher average diet quality score at age 14 years, independent of maternal and family socio-economic status. Across 14 years the number of years the mother worked full time and increasing average weekly hours were associated with lower diet quality. Father's work hours had little association with adolescent diet quality.ConclusionsHaving a mother stay at home in early to middle childhood is associated with better diet quality in adolescence. Support may be beneficial for families where the mother returns to full-time employment before the child reaches 8 years of age.

scholarly journals Income growth in the United Kingdom during late career and after retirement: growing inequalities after deindustrialisation, educational expansion and development of the knowledge-based economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Alberto Veira-Ramos ◽  
Paul Schmelzer
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Private Pension ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Male Workers

Abstract This article shows how late-life incomes from work and pensions evolved in the United Kingdom between 1991 and 2007, the year the Great Recession began. Our main contribution comes from focusing on changes across cohorts in different educational groups while also considering the gender divide. Our statistical analyses based on the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) suggest that deindustrialisation, the expansion of jobs in the knowledge economy and pension reforms affected senior workers’ incomes before and after retirement. Highly qualified senior male workers have profited from increasing income across the cohorts more than any other social group. Such a trend is not observed among highly qualified female workers. Male and female low-qualified senior workers do not show major income loses, but have not benefited to the same extent as highly educated male workers. As a result, pension income inequalities between highly qualified men and the rest have increased. The increasing pensions gap between educational groups can be traced back to the improving situation on the labour market for highly qualified male workers, and to reforms benefiting private pension schemes, where the highly qualified are overrepresented. Thus, the shift in pension provisions towards private pension schemes is clearly disadvantageous for low-qualified male workers and for women of all educational levels, and contributes to the increase of social inequalities.

scholarly journals From Pre-Service to Employed Teacher

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Guise ◽  
Krystal Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Teacher Education Program ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Lifelong Learners ◽  
Reflective Practitioners ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

The research study described in this article is an extension of a yearlong mixed methods study of eight co-teaching pairs (four English and four science) and their implementation of co-teaching during the clinical experience. A year after these eight pre-service teachers participated in the co-teaching research study while enrolled in a teacher education program, they were interviewed at the conclusion of their first year of employed teaching with the goal of exploring the impact that the co-teaching experience had on their development as a teacher. Findings reveal that co-teaching during the clinical experience provides an opportunity to shape pre-service teachers to be collaborative, reflective practitioners who seek out opportunities to collaborate and position themselves as lifelong learners. However, teacher education programs that implement co-teaching during the clinical experience have a responsibility to ensure that co-teaching occurs with fidelity and that pre-service teachers are supported to transition to full-time employment where the day-to-day co-teaching opportunities may be more limited.

Dependency and Interdependency: the Incomes of Informal Carers and the Impact of Social Security

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Glendinning
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
Financial Dependency ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTConsideration of the income and social security needs of informal carers has remained conspicuously absent from discussions about ‘community care’. Similarly, carers have been more or less invisible in the development of social security policies. This paper reports on a study of the financial circumstances of a sample of working age carers, who were living with and providing substantial amounts of help and support to a disabled person in the same household. The study highlights first, the substantial work-related costs incurred by carers with full time employment; and second the financial dependency of carers without full time earnings, on their spouse, sibling or on the person being cared for. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of recent developments in social security policies.

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