scholarly journals The Feminization of Mental Disorders: A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
D.O. Martynova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Male Power ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article analyzes the formation of visualization of hysterical insanity in art on the example of the canvas by Pierre-Andre Brouillet A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière. Considering the long practice of feminization of insanity, we can conclude that Brouillet captured the phenomenon of the “Charcot regime”, exposing its discussion fields. By fixing the female pathological body in a certain place, he demonstrated two discursive tricks: how patriarchal institutions defined a woman as a being devoid of her own opinion, and how a woman “evaporated”, became an object under male power influence, demonstrating the significance of the term “phallocula- centrism” and scopophilia of the second half of the 19th century introduced by L. Irigaray. As a result, it reflected the characteristics of hysteria that allowed this disease to feminize insanity and introduce it into the visual culture of the time: mimetism, simulation, representa- tion, mimicry, cataloging, and registration. The female body became a pent-up “alphabet”, embodying the idea of Sigmund Freud’s mirror and Jacques Lacan’s reasoning about the nature of the hysterical personality type. The disease, which has “thousands of guises” and exists solely due to visual appearance, revealed not only the problems of Patriarchy of most social and power institutions, but also relationships. As a result, the acute and controversial colloquial characterization of “hysterical”, which was included due to the popularity of the visual image of a mentally ill woman created at the Salpêtrière, is still becoming a relevant topic for research in modern visual practices.

Metallurgical characterization of brass sheet from the 19th-century Akko Tower Wreck (Israel)

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cvikel ◽  
M. Cohen ◽  
A. Inberg ◽  
S. Klein ◽  
N. Iddan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Brass Sheet ◽  
Metallurgical Characterization ◽  
The 19Th Century

scholarly journals Picasso, Alta y Baja Cultura a Final de Siglo

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Inocente Soto Calzado
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
New Media ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Look ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The look of the popular culture to art has always had for the creator the contrariety of the mockery and the reward of the diffusion, to make itself known in the new media of masses multiplying its public, halfway between the admiration and the ridiculous. Painters and sculptors checked it for the first time at the end of the 19th century, between official and specialized criticism and the most popular and apparently less objective of comediansand their humorous interpretations. One of these artists was the young Pablo Ruiz Picasso, with some unknown graphic criticism that give new information on the complexity of his first Spanish artistic stage and theimportance of illustrated magazines in the visual culture of his beginnings and in his professional world. The data collected in the hemerography of the time make up a narrative different from the one officially admitted 

scholarly journals The role of gardens in the 19th century asylums for the mentally and neurotically ill. The theory and practice by the example of the Prussian asylums in the former Province of Posen

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00007
Author(s):  
Daria Bręczewska-Kulesza
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Health States ◽  
Urban Configurations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although mental illnesses have existed ever since the dawn of time, the development of psychiatry is dated to have begun from the end 18th century. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, mentally ill people began to be placed at mental facilities not only to be exercised care of, but also to have their health states improved. The movement of reformation expanded across entire Europe. The Kingdom of Prussia was no exception when it came to establishing asylums. Wanting to create the best environmental conditions for the mentally ill possible, all of the complexes of the asylums were designed so that they served therapeutic purposes. One of the vital elements in this regard was the hospital gardens. The said gardens comprised of partially open, decorative green squares, outlined by the fences of the gardens assigned to the individual wards meant for the mentally ill and the utility gardens, where therapy through labor could be exercised. In conformity with the prototypes described above, in the former Province of Posen four asylums were built. The article analyzes the development of gardens within the urban configurations of select hospitals, comparing them to the leading gardens and theoretical configurations described in the specialist literature.

Neuropsychiatry

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perminder Sachdev
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
General Paresis ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
General Psychiatry ◽  
Mental Disturbance ◽  
Physical Disorders ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relative emphasis on “biological” or “psychological” formulations in our understanding of “mental” disorders has varied at different periods in history. The early traditions of Western medicine, as represented by ancient Greek and Roman physicians, recognised that mental disturbance could be produced by physical disorders. The famous 17th century neurologist Thomas Willis, who coined the term “neurology”, believed in a neurological basis of psychiatric disorder. This opinion was explicitly stated in the mid-19th century text on mental disorders by Griesinger [1]. In fact, in die latter half of the 19th century, neuropsychiatry was synonymous with general psychiatry. A number of developments led to this situation. The study of aphasia had resulted in a burgeoning interest in brain structure-function relationships. The recognition of general paresis as an acquired disease with an identifiable aetiology had resulted in therapeutic optimism. Further, neurologists of this period were interested in retaining the territory of mental disorder as a source of patients.

“Degenerate Criminals”

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1048-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Scharff Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Prison Psychiatry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Damaging Effects

Inspired by the breakthrough of the discipline of criminology and biological theories of degeneration, prison psychiatry became a flourishing field during the latter decades of the 19th century. This is reflected in the history of the Vridsløselille penitentiary in Denmark, which operated as a Pennsylvania-model institution with strict solitary confinement from 1859 to the early 1930s. Throughout the period, this prison experienced extensive problems with inmate mental health, and as the discipline of psychiatry developed, mental disorders were given new names and old diseases disappeared. Although prison authorities were willing to acknowledge the damaging effects of the isolation regimes being employed, a number of psychiatrists located the causes of mental disorders among biological dispositional traits rather than situational factors. In doing so, they downplayed the power of the prison context and offered biological “degeneration” among criminals as an alternative explanation.

scholarly journals The presentation of madness in the Victorian novel

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 411-414
Author(s):  
Allan Beveridge ◽  
Edward Renvoize
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
General Public ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Victorian Novel ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Large Readership ◽  
The 19Th Century

The major novelists of the Victorian era enjoyed a large readership amongst the general public. They dealt with the pressing social issues of the day and their work both reflected and shaped society's attitudes to contemporary problems. The 19th century saw fundamental changes in society's response to the mentally ill with the creation of purpose-built asylums throughout the country. The Victorians were ambivalent in their reaction to the mentally disturbed. Whilst they sought to segregate the insane from the rest of the population, they were also terrified by the prospect of the wrongful confinement of sane people. The trial of Daniel McNaughton in 1843 for the assassination of Sir Robert Peel's Private Secretary, and the subsequent legislation, provoked general public debate about the nature of madness.

scholarly journals The role of language in psychiatric treatment in the French Romantic Age: A note on Dr Laurent Cerise

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Starobinski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
19Th Century France ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

SYSNOPSISAt the beginning of the 19th century France had many experts on the ‘moral treatment of insanity’. Very few of them, however, applied their experience and theories to the role of language in the development of behaviour from childhood on, in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, and in psychotherapy. To Dr. Louis Cerise, one of the founders of the Annales Médico-Psychologiques, belongs the great distinction of formulating a theory which tried to take account of the necessary contribution of language to individual development. In his book Des Fonctions et des Maladies Nerveuses (1842), he put forward a view of the relationship between the individual and society. His concept of ‘the goal of activity’ still merits our attention.

scholarly journals Les modes de conceptualisation des unités d'hérédité au XIXe siècle : Spencer, Haeckel et Elsberg

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Vandaele ◽  
Marie-Claude Béland
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Physical Entity ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Fur Color ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ever since the end of the 19th century, the biological sciences have been preoccupied with the elucidation of the complex mechanisms underlying heredity. They were faced with a fundamental problem: how does a given phenotypic trait (e.g., skin or fur color) correspond to a physical entity, more often than not putative, responsible for its transmission from one generation to the next. The discovery and subsequent characterization of the unit of inheritance (unité d’hérédité) is thus the central focus of research on heredity in many fields, namely genetics, population genetics, molecular biology, and, more recently, genomics. What we now call gene since Johanssen coined the term, however, has a long and troubled past characterized by various successive conceptualizations. These have left sometimes confusing and even contradictory features in modern scientific discourse, of which we intend to understand the origins. The present article aims to examine the different embodiments of the concept unit of inheritance in the works of two key 19th century authors: Spencer and Haeckel. Elsberg, a rival of Haeckel, will also be considered. Using an analysis of indices of conceptualization in discourse, we show the various metaphorical conceptualization modes active in their respective theories and examine how they manifest themselves in English and in French.

1. A very short history of melancholia

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Tacchi ◽  
Jan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Short History ◽  
Modern Psychiatry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

In ancient times, ‘melancholia’ rather than ‘depression’ was used to describe mood disorders characterized by despondency. ‘A very short history of melancholia’ highlights the descriptions of melancholia and theories about its causes that held sway from ancient times until about the 19th century. It begins with Hippocrates’ black bile theory in the 4th century bc. From about ad 500 there was a shift away from the notion that mental disorders had similar causes to physical ones and a revival of beliefs that mental disorders were signs of immorality, sin, and evil. From the 1500s new attitudes towards melancholia emerged. The birth of modern psychiatry in the 19th century is also described.

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