scholarly journals The role of gardens in the 19th century asylums for the mentally and neurotically ill. The theory and practice by the example of the Prussian asylums in the former Province of Posen

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00007
Author(s):  
Daria Bręczewska-Kulesza
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Health States ◽  
Urban Configurations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although mental illnesses have existed ever since the dawn of time, the development of psychiatry is dated to have begun from the end 18th century. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, mentally ill people began to be placed at mental facilities not only to be exercised care of, but also to have their health states improved. The movement of reformation expanded across entire Europe. The Kingdom of Prussia was no exception when it came to establishing asylums. Wanting to create the best environmental conditions for the mentally ill possible, all of the complexes of the asylums were designed so that they served therapeutic purposes. One of the vital elements in this regard was the hospital gardens. The said gardens comprised of partially open, decorative green squares, outlined by the fences of the gardens assigned to the individual wards meant for the mentally ill and the utility gardens, where therapy through labor could be exercised. In conformity with the prototypes described above, in the former Province of Posen four asylums were built. The article analyzes the development of gardens within the urban configurations of select hospitals, comparing them to the leading gardens and theoretical configurations described in the specialist literature.

scholarly journals «GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Usatenko ◽  
Galyna Usatenko ◽  
Myroslava Marushchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.

scholarly journals Musical Shevchenko Series of Vladyslav Zaremba

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-92
Author(s):  
Tetiana Krulikovska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Vocal Works ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with a generalized musicological analysis of the songs from two vocal collection series, titled «Kobzar Tarasa Shevchenka» (Taras Shevchenko’s Kobzar) by the 19th century Ukrainian composer of Polish origin Vladyslav Zaremba in order to attract attention to the composer’s creative heritage, reveal the most typical features of his musical language and determine their stylistics in the context of the 19th century musical culture. Also the article attempts to specify the significance of the vocal works collection in the context of developing the Ukrainian romance and the 19th century Ukrainian T. Shevchenko series.The article focuses on the content of vocal compositions associated with typical folk characters, as well as the composer’s vision of his characters’ complex and rich inner world. The article considers the works devoted to the themes of orphanhood, loneliness, alien land, love, typical romantic motives of the Cossack will, sentiments of grief and melancholy, which form the figurative and poetic content of Shevchenko’s poems.The analysis is focused not only on V. Zaremba’s lyrical songs, but also his vocal works, which raise the complex social issues of difficult maidenhood, orphanhood, the search for better life, the main characters’ romantic attempts to realize their dreams and the sad realities. The main attention is focused on the role of the piano, which is interpreted by the composer as an active participant in the dramatic action. However, the piano version of V. Zaremba’s vocal works highlights an extremely important and vivid element of the national sound sphere, namely the imitation of playing the bandura, which performs the semantic role of the national Ukrainian symbol and is perceived as an important component of the national culture. Thus, the conducted analysis allows visualizing the figurative and emotional world of T. Shevchenko’s poetry and deducing the values of the bandura as a semiotic sign in the 19th century Ukrainian musical culture, which will become especially noticeable in M. Lysenko’s works. An important issue in analyzing the composer’s style is the focus on the synthesis of European school achievements with the individual elements of the national school as a certain stage in the development of Ukrainian professional music, which replaces amateurism and dilettantism.

scholarly journals The role of language in psychiatric treatment in the French Romantic Age: A note on Dr Laurent Cerise

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Starobinski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
19Th Century France ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

SYSNOPSISAt the beginning of the 19th century France had many experts on the ‘moral treatment of insanity’. Very few of them, however, applied their experience and theories to the role of language in the development of behaviour from childhood on, in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, and in psychotherapy. To Dr. Louis Cerise, one of the founders of the Annales Médico-Psychologiques, belongs the great distinction of formulating a theory which tried to take account of the necessary contribution of language to individual development. In his book Des Fonctions et des Maladies Nerveuses (1842), he put forward a view of the relationship between the individual and society. His concept of ‘the goal of activity’ still merits our attention.

F. M. DOSTOEVSKY AND V. S. SOLOVYOV ON THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN SOCIAL PROGRESS

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
O. V. Ekshibarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy And Literature ◽  
200Th Anniversary ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of the classic of Russian philosophy and literature Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. It presents a comparative analysis of the works of two great Russian thinkers of the 19th century F.M. Dostoevsky and V.S. Soloviev. They are among those philosophers who were able to create a doctrine about the possibilities of the individual in social progress, express a number of ideas that can give impetus to philosophical research in the 21st century.

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

A COMPARATIVE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAKIAN NATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES: A CENTRAL EUROPEAN CASE

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Béla Mester
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Central European ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper analyses a well‐known phenomenon, that of the 19th century Central European so‐called “national philosophies”. However, the philosophical heritages of the Central European countries have their roles in the national identities; historians of philosophy in these countries know; our philosophies have common institutional roots with our neighbours. The paper deadlines paradigmatic problems from the Hungarian and Slovakian philosophy: the Latin language in philosophy, the different role of Kantianism and Hegelianism in the national cultures, and the problems of canonisation. Vengrų ir slovakų nacionalinių filosofijų komparatyvistinė istoriografija: Vidurio Europos atvejis Santrauka Straipsnyje tyrinėjamas gerai žinomas fenomenas, XIX a. Vidurio Europoje vadinamas „nacionalinėmis filosofijomis“. Kad ir kaip būtų, filosofiniai Vidurio Europos valstybių palikimai turi įtakos nacionaliniams tapatumams, ir tai žino šių valstybių filosofijos istorikai. Mūsų ir mūsų kaimynų filosofijos turi bendrąsias paprotines šaknis. Straipsnyje brėžiama paradigminių vengrų ir slovakų filosofijos problemų perskyra pagal lotynų kalbą filosofijoje, skirtingą kantizmo ir hėgelizmo vaidmenį tautinėse kultūrose bei kanonizacijos problemas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kanonizacija, Vidurio Europos filosofijos, hėgelizmas, vengrų filosofija, kantizmas, lotynų kalba filosofijoje, tautinis tapatumas, „nacionalinės filosofijos“, slovakų filosofija.

scholarly journals The music of sorcery in Brazil (Literary Conference)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Brazilian Music ◽  
Mario De Andrade ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Afro Brazilian

Abstract “The music of sorcery in Brazil” was given as a lecture by Mário de Andrade to the Brazilian Music Association (Associação Brasileira de Música), in Rio de Janeiro, in 1933. The author never managed to complete its revision for publication. This was undertaken by Oneyda Alvarenga, who published the text of the lecture and a series of related documents in Volume XIII - Música de Feitiçaria no Brasil-of the Complete Works of Mário de Andrade (Editora Itatiaia/Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1983, p.23-70). The author is in search for the role of music, with its distinctive rhythms and melodic form, in the mystical trance of Afro-Brazilian religions. The text combines the flavour of his direct research experience in the catimbó of the Brazilian Northeast; his erudite bibliographical studies that were strongly influenced by evolutionary and diffusionist anthropology at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the twentieth; and an analysis of the music of macumba in the Rio de Janeiro around the 1930s as found in the recordings that Andrade so much enjoyed collecting and listening to.

scholarly journals The Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading: a space for medical science in the 19th century

Almanack ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 241-286
Author(s):  
Monique de Siqueira Gonçalves ◽  
Tânia Bessone
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Science Field ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
General Collection

Abstract: This work presents an analysis on the role of the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading during the second half of the 19th century regarding the collection and safekeeping of medical science books. By analyzing the books contained in the 1906 catalog by Ramiz Galvão (consisting of the institution's collection since 1837), we intend to understand the relative importance of the medical science collection found in the general collection of the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading, and whether it was updated and relevant amidst the constitution of Brazil's medical science field. It is also intended to discover the preponderant idiom among its works and at which target audience they were aimed at, therefore, whether its guard matched the institution's outline of lusophone culture preservation.

scholarly journals JEG SER DE BØGELYSE ØER – OG DETTE FOLK ER VORT: Om emotionalisering, subjektivering og danske sange

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Damsholt
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Landscape History ◽  
Danish Population ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Emotional Bonds ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with questions of subjectivation. The emotional bonds between a landscape and the individual as interpreted in Danish patriotic songs from the 19th-century are seen as crucial in the process of subjectivation turning the Danish population into a patriotic or selfconscious people. In the songs the sensing self is turned into a Danish self, an individual subject but part of a certain landscape, history and nation. Furthermore the Danish folkhigh-schools are seen as institutions of subject-ivation, since singing patriotic songs here became a natural part of everyday life. In the light of the Foucauldian perspective the emotional and bodily experiences at the folk-highschools (often staged outdoors in the Danish landscape) are interpreted as "technologies of the national self", since it is precisely via individuals’ work with themselves that the national subjectivation takes place.  

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