1. A very short history of melancholia

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Tacchi ◽  
Jan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Short History ◽  
Modern Psychiatry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

In ancient times, ‘melancholia’ rather than ‘depression’ was used to describe mood disorders characterized by despondency. ‘A very short history of melancholia’ highlights the descriptions of melancholia and theories about its causes that held sway from ancient times until about the 19th century. It begins with Hippocrates’ black bile theory in the 4th century bc. From about ad 500 there was a shift away from the notion that mental disorders had similar causes to physical ones and a revival of beliefs that mental disorders were signs of immorality, sin, and evil. From the 1500s new attitudes towards melancholia emerged. The birth of modern psychiatry in the 19th century is also described.

scholarly journals Archaeology, Evolution and Darwinism

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Palavestra ◽  
Marko Porčić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Short History ◽  
Social Biology ◽  
Basic Conclusion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lasting Impression ◽  
New Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper presents a short history of the influence evolutionary thinking has had on anthropology and archaeology. The focus is on four major "schools" in evolutionist thought: the classical evolutionism of the 19th century, Neo-evolutionism, social biology (sociobiology) and Neo-Darwinian archaeology. The basic conclusion of this text is that the idea of socio-cultural evolution, understood in the broadest sense, has left a lasting impression on anthropological and archeological theory, and that it still represents a useful theoretical framework for new research.

scholarly journals Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

2021 ◽  
pp. 025-034
Author(s):  
E. V. Popadenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

scholarly journals Prerequisites for the Development of Regional Studies in Japan within the Framework of Japanese Traditional Science

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-302
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Kremnyov ◽  
Vladimir V. Ananiev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Periods

Introduction. The variety of elements of the field of regional studies in Japan makes it possible to state that the sources of regional studies are heterogeneous not only in content, but also in their relation to different historical periods. The objective of the study is to analyze the processes of development of proto-regional knowledge in Japan from ancient times until the middle of the 19th century Materials and Methods. Japanese works on history and geography, as well as works by Russian researchers in the considered fields were used as the materials of the study. Particular attention was paid to historical and geographical texts; other sources (religious texts, poetic texts, etc.) were also considered. The basic methods employed were those of systemic, comparative, conceptual and terminological analysis. Results. The article discusses the stages of development of proto-regional knowledge in Japan in the framework of traditional science. Based on the analysis of works created before the middle of the 19th century, the authors conclude that the basic factor in the formation and development of knowledge about regions was the opposition “We vs. Others,” characteristic of Japanese ethnoculture, and this knowledge itself is largely Japanocentric. The article reveals the role of several schools of traditional science: kokugaku (school of national sciences), rangaku / yogaku (Dutch / European studies) and kangaku (school of Chinese sciences), as well as the role of their cultural and ideological confrontation in stimulating the development of proto-regional knowledge. Discussion and Conclusion. The article presents the results of the initial stage of a comprehensive study, which will examine the history of the development of Japanese regional knowledge and the methodology of regional research in Japan. The results of the work may be useful to researchers and specialists in the field of history of regional development of various countries and regions.

“Degenerate Criminals”

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1048-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Scharff Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Prison Psychiatry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Damaging Effects

Inspired by the breakthrough of the discipline of criminology and biological theories of degeneration, prison psychiatry became a flourishing field during the latter decades of the 19th century. This is reflected in the history of the Vridsløselille penitentiary in Denmark, which operated as a Pennsylvania-model institution with strict solitary confinement from 1859 to the early 1930s. Throughout the period, this prison experienced extensive problems with inmate mental health, and as the discipline of psychiatry developed, mental disorders were given new names and old diseases disappeared. Although prison authorities were willing to acknowledge the damaging effects of the isolation regimes being employed, a number of psychiatrists located the causes of mental disorders among biological dispositional traits rather than situational factors. In doing so, they downplayed the power of the prison context and offered biological “degeneration” among criminals as an alternative explanation.

On the History of Slave-Trade in Dagestan

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Inozemtseva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Short History ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractSlave-trade was one of the main factors in the system of complicated and contradictory interactions between the peoples of the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and Russia. Everlasting inter-ethnic clashes and wars, political instability, great demand and high prices for 'human commodities' strongly promoted the growth of this business in Dagestan and in the North Caucasus in general. The feudal lords used to organise "commercial" campaigns, aimed at capturing people and getting ransom. For centuries, this cruel industry had remained one of the dominating elements in the economy of this multi-ethnic region. The paper, based mainly on the archive documents, offers a short history of slave-trade in Dagestan up to its final abolishment in the 60-s of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Cenzura polityczna wobec karykatury. Doświadczenia francuskie II połowy XVIII i pierwszej połowy XIX wieku. Przyczynek do walki o wolność słowa

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-293
Author(s):  
Jacek Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Characteristic Element ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

Caricature is one of the forms of artistic expression and it has a similar role to satire. Consequently, some people consider caricature to be one of the forms of satire. Caricature has its origins in ancient times. The history of caricature is illustrated by political changes that civilization experienced. The administrative authorities attempted to fight caricature in numerous countries and France was one of them. This process is a part of the history of censorship that began in Roman times. Afterwards, it developed further during the Christian period of the Middle Ages until the 19th century. Unfortunately, this procedure is present in certain areas even today. The most interesting solutions were the ones adoptedin France. Moreover, it is worth noting that the phenomenon of institutionalization of censorship was not the only characteristic element in France. There were also censorship bodies present in the country despite the formal constitutional declarations of freedom of speech.

A brief history of water filtration/sedimentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Mays
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

For millennia the search for ‘pure’ water has been pursued by humans. Criteria for purity have become more complex, more rigid, and more quantitative over time; however, the principles, methods, and material for purifying water have remained remarkably similar from the earliest recorded information of 2000 BC. The scope of this paper is to present a brief history of water filtration and sedimentation practices for potable water management extending from the ancient times to the 19th century. It is not an exhaustive presentation, but instead presents some of the most important advances in water supply since the beginning of human's quest for pure water. M. N. Baker and M. J. Taras in 1981 presented an excellent overview of this quest, especially during the 17th to the 20th century.

scholarly journals “In the Unity and Diversity of Artistic Traditions” (Book Review: Sozina, E.K. (Ed.) (2020) Istoriya Literatury Urala. XIX Vek: V 2 Kn. [A History of Ural Literature. 19th Century: In 2 Books]. Moscow: LRC)

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-187
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Sirotkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Social ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Common Destiny ◽  
The 19Th Century

One often comes across the opinion of researchers that there are many lacunae in the history of regional literatures. Until quite recently, this could be said about the liter-ature of the Urals. The publication of the first volume of A History of Ural Literature gives literary scholars a reason to hope that, with the full implementation of the project of the Ural academic literature, many of its blank spots will be closed. It seems that at least half of these hopes have already been justified since, in 2021, the second volume of A History of the Literature of the Urals was published. It is a multi-page publication in two books, the result of many years of work by a team of Russian literary critics. The volume’s editor-in-chief is Doctor of Philology, Professor Elena Konstantinovna Sozina The idea of “crossing regional and national breeds on the basis of the literature of a certain region”, preached by the book compilers, seems extremely productive. The peculiarity of this book, as the introduction claims, is “that the history of regional Russian literature is united here with the histories of a number of national literatures of peoples who have lived in the Urals since ancient times and have a cultural, and now also administrative, autonomy within the region”. The book’s authors rightly emphasize the “social” character of the literature of the mining Urals in the nineteenth century. They write that the specificity of the Urals largely determined the characteristic feature inherent in its culture, art, literature: sociality, sometimes even sociology, manifested, among other things, in the minds of the inhabitants of the region, in their constant and persistent interest in public affairs, in their positioning of the region as working, collectivist, united by a common destiny and common interests. The publication is superbly prepared (the materials were edited by the Cand. Sci. (Philology) T.A. Arsenova) and illustrated (the selection of illustrative material was made by the Cand. Sci. (Art History) E.P. Alekseev). Thus, thanks to the efforts of the authors, we are dealing with a systematic work on the history of the Ural litera-ture of the 19th century, which will undoubtedly be addressed by both novice and expert researchers.

scholarly journals The history of nosology and the rise of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Emil Kraepelin ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Modern Psychiatry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 arose from a tradition filled with haphazard science and politically driven choices. The nosology of modern psychiatry began with the German classifiers of the late 19th century, especially Emil Kraepelin. Psychoanalysis then blotted out the classificatory vision for the next half-century, and most of this European psychopathological science failed to cross the Atlantic. The DSM series was a homegrown American product, beginning with Medical 203 in 1945, then guided by psychoanalytic insights through DSM-I in 1952 and DSM-II in 1968. In 1980, DSM-III represented a massive “turning of the page” in nosology, and it had the effect of steering psychoanalysis toward the exit in psychiatry and the beginning of a reconciliation of psychiatry with the rest of medicine. With the advent of DSM-5, however, questions are starting to be asked about whether this massive venture is on the right track.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF COLLECTION AND PUBLICATION OF EPOS “DOTAN BATYR” AND “KUBYGUL”

Keruen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (69) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh.T. Saltakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Epic Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the history of the study of the Kazakh archaic epic, as well as the history of the collection and publication of the epic “Dotan Batyr” and “Kubygul”. The Kazakh archaic epos, which arose in ancient times, has come down to us in the records of the second half of the 19th century, in the interpretation of akyns and zhyrshes, who worked within the epic tradition of their time, that is, not in their original appearance, but underwent significant changes, sometimes transforming beyond recognition. But archaic plots, formed in ancient times, retained their constants and dominants as a whole, their deepest meaning. They discover their genetic connections with the oldest representations of our ancestors and the most important social institutions of their time.

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