Metallurgical characterization of brass sheet from the 19th-century Akko Tower Wreck (Israel)

Ever since the end of the 19th century, the biological sciences have been preoccupied with the elucidation of the complex mechanisms underlying heredity. They were faced with a fundamental problem: how does a given phenotypic trait (e.g., skin or fur color) correspond to a physical entity, more often than not putative, responsible for its transmission from one generation to the next. The discovery and subsequent characterization of the unit of inheritance (unité d’hérédité) is thus the central focus of research on heredity in many fields, namely genetics, population genetics, molecular biology, and, more recently, genomics. What we now call gene since Johanssen coined the term, however, has a long and troubled past characterized by various successive conceptualizations. These have left sometimes confusing and even contradictory features in modern scientific discourse, of which we intend to understand the origins. The present article aims to examine the different embodiments of the concept unit of inheritance in the works of two key 19th century authors: Spencer and Haeckel. Elsberg, a rival of Haeckel, will also be considered. Using an analysis of indices of conceptualization in discourse, we show the various metaphorical conceptualization modes active in their respective theories and examine how they manifest themselves in English and in French.

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The Feminization of Mental Disorders: A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

Art & Culture Studies ◽

10.51678/2226-0072-2021-1-104-123 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104-123

Author(s):

D.O. Martynova ◽

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Visual Culture ◽

19Th Century ◽

Mentally Ill ◽

Visual Image ◽

Visual Appearance ◽

Male Power ◽

Relevant Topic ◽

The 19Th Century

This article analyzes the formation of visualization of hysterical insanity in art on the example of the canvas by Pierre-Andre Brouillet A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière. Considering the long practice of feminization of insanity, we can conclude that Brouillet captured the phenomenon of the “Charcot regime”, exposing its discussion fields. By fixing the female pathological body in a certain place, he demonstrated two discursive tricks: how patriarchal institutions defined a woman as a being devoid of her own opinion, and how a woman “evaporated”, became an object under male power influence, demonstrating the significance of the term “phallocula- centrism” and scopophilia of the second half of the 19th century introduced by L. Irigaray. As a result, it reflected the characteristics of hysteria that allowed this disease to feminize insanity and introduce it into the visual culture of the time: mimetism, simulation, representa- tion, mimicry, cataloging, and registration. The female body became a pent-up “alphabet”, embodying the idea of Sigmund Freud’s mirror and Jacques Lacan’s reasoning about the nature of the hysterical personality type. The disease, which has “thousands of guises” and exists solely due to visual appearance, revealed not only the problems of Patriarchy of most social and power institutions, but also relationships. As a result, the acute and controversial colloquial characterization of “hysterical”, which was included due to the popularity of the visual image of a mentally ill woman created at the Salpêtrière, is still becoming a relevant topic for research in modern visual practices.

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OS CONTRABANDISTAS DO PENSAMENTO - IMPASSES DA CRÍTICA LITERÁRIA BRASILEIRA NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XIX

Revista Letras ◽

10.5380/rel.v55i0.2818 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Lúcia Outeiro Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Literary Criticism ◽

19Th Century ◽

Cultural Context ◽

National Literature ◽

Machado De Assis ◽

Brazilian Literature ◽

The 19Th Century

O esforço para criar uma crítica literária brasileira, bem como uma literatura autônoma e original, gerou uma dupla necessidade para os autores do século XIX: determinar os objetivos da crítica e estabelecer a definição e a caracterização da literatura brasileira. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como os principais críticos da fase realista-naturalista Machado de Assis, Sílvio Romero, José Veríssimo e Araripe Júnior posicionam-se em relação a esse duplo projeto, comparando as suas contribuições para a construção de uma epistemologia crítica, sobretudo para a definição e a caracterização da literatura brasileira e, conseqüentemente, para a fixação de um cânone que desse suporte a esses construtos. Entre as questões teóricas que direcionam a discussão do assunto proposto, destacam-se: o caráter histórico dos conceitos de literatura, periodização e literatura nacional; as complexas relações entre história, contexto cultural e discurso; e os compromissos ideológicos dos autores. Abstract The endeavour to create a Brazilian literary criticism, and also an autonomous literature, brought before the 19th century critics a double requirement: clarify the objectives aimed by criticism as well as define and characterize Brazilian literature. This work aims at examining how the realistic and naturalistic critics Machado de Assis, Sílvio Romero, José Veríssimo e Araripe Júnior stand with regard to that double project, by comparing their contributions for the construction of a critical epistemology, above all for the definition and characterization of Brazilian literature and, as a result, for fixing a canon that could support those constructs. Among the theoretical questions that steer the discussion about the proposed subject, the article emphasizes: the historical character of the concepts like literature, periodicity and national literature; the intricate connections between history, cultural context and discourse; and the ideological engagement of the authors.

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Women's issue in the prose of the 19th century in the context of the educational process

Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação ◽

10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (33) ◽

pp. e16402

Author(s):

Inna Lipnytska ◽

Iryna Savchenko ◽

Inna Halak ◽

Iryna Hryhorenko ◽

Tetiana Bykova

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Literary Criticism ◽

19Th Century ◽

Educational Process ◽

European Countries ◽

The Social ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Status Of Women

The purpose of the article is to study the sources and pedagogical interpretation of the "women's question". The subject of the research is the “women's question” and its artistic realization in the novels of Marko Vovchok. The analysis of the problem was carried out by integrating the traditional methods of Russian comparative historical literary criticism with new approaches to world literary criticism - gender, sociocultural, postcolonial, and feminist. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the pedagogical views on the "women's issue" in the writer were formed and developed under the influence of communication with the Ukrainian and European intelligentsia of the 19th century. The progressive part of the intelligentsia of the second half of the XIX - early XX century advocated a change in the social status of women. Representatives of public and pedagogical opinion believed that a woman can not only be a mother, wife, housewife, she is capable of self-realization in other areas of society, for which she needs a decent education. The journalistic work on this problem of women with a possible comparative characterization of the regions of some European countries, which in the period under study were part of the Austro-Hungarian empires, deserves further study

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New insights into brass nails from the 19th-century Akko Tower Wreck (Israel): Metallurgical characterization

Journal of Alloys and Compounds ◽

10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.285 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 771 ◽

pp. 614-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dana Ashkenazi ◽

Itai Misgav ◽

Ran Issachar ◽

Sabine Klein ◽

Deborah Cvikel

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Metallurgical Characterization ◽

The 19Th Century

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On the Characterization of Local Self-Government Reforms in Western Siberia in 60s - 70s of the 19th Century

Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical Studies ◽

10.24147/2312-1300.2021.8(2).39-46 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 39-46

Author(s):

A. P. Tolochko ◽

I. A. Konovalov

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Government Reforms ◽

The 19Th Century

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Survey of research on Livonian prosody

Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics ◽

10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.15 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 261-292

Author(s):

Tuuli Tuisk

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

First Time

The aim of the article is to give an overview of previous studies concerning Livonian prosody. In separate subsections a characterization of earlier treatments of the Livonian quantity and tone system will be provided. The Livonian prosodic system became the object of international discussion for the first time in the 19th century. The special status of Livonian tones was first noticed by the Estonian linguist Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann and later by the Danish linguist Wilhelm Thomsen. The first experimental studies of Livonian pronunciation were initiated in the 1920’s, mainly due to interest in the broken tone. Previous descriptions appear to reveal a certain degree of agreement among researchers who have studied Livonian. Yet the traditional two-way quantity opposition view is being challenged by a ternary quantity distinction at the level of metric feet.Kokkuvõte. Tuuli Tuisk: Ülevaade liivi prosoodia uurimustest. Käesolevas artiklis antakse ülevaade uurimustest, mis käsitlevad liivi keele prosoodilist süsteemi. Liivi keele prosoodia äratas esmakordselt rahvusvahelist tähelepanu 19. sajandil. Eesti keeleteadlane Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann ja taani keeleteadlane Wilhelm Thomsen olid esimesed, kes märkasid liivi toonide iseärasusi. Huvist liivi katketooni vastu hakati 1920. aastatel tegema ka esimesi eksperimentaal-foneetilisi uurimusi. Ehkki varasemad uurimused peegeldavad teadlaste üsna üksmeelseid seisukohti, on liivi binaarse kvantiteedivastanduse kõrval aina enam arutelu tekitanud ternaarne kvantiteedivastandus.Märksõnad: liivi keel, prosoodia, fonoloogia, eksperimentaalfoneetika, kvantiteet, toon, stødKubbõvõttõks. Tuuli Tuisk: Iļļõvaņtļimi iļ līvõ prosodij tuņšlõkst. Se kēra um iļļõvaņtļimi iļ tuņšlõkst līvõ kīel prosōdij sistēmõst. Līvõ kīel prosōdij sai ežmõks tǟdõlpanmizt 19. āigastsadā āigal. Ēsti kēļnikā Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann ja dēņõ kēļnikā Wilhelm Thomsen vȯļtõ ežmizt, kis kāipizt ku līvõ kīelsõ at īžkizt tūoņõd. Ežmizt fonētilizt kōļimizt teitõ 1920. āigastis, sīepierāst ku interesīerizt iļ līvõ katkāndõks agā murdtõd tūoņ. Jedlõmizt tuņšlõkst nägţõbõd, ku tieudmīed vȯļțõ dižānist īdmēļizt, agā līvõ kōdvīți pitkit vastõmtõks kūorõks um emīņ nõvtõd iļ kuolmvīţiz pitkit vastõmtõks.

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Turkish Agrarian Debate: New Arguments and Old Scores

New Perspectives on Turkey ◽

10.15184/s0896634600000078 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 81-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zülküf Aydιn

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Underdeveloped Countries ◽

Long Time ◽

The 19Th Century

The characterization of agrarian structures in contemporary underdeveloped countries has been haunting social scientists for a long time. As in Latin America and India, from the late sixties onwards a strong controversy emerged among Marxists in Turkey concerning the question of why capitalism had not transformed rural structures in Turkey (J. Harris, 1982; R. L. Harris, 1978; Aydın 1986). The question of capitalist transformation of the countryside occupied the minds of classical Marxist thinkers like Kautsky, Lenin, Luxembourg at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

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