scholarly journals MICROBIOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF THE ORAL AND PUMP METHODS OF INFLATING GOAT CARCASSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
O. Popoola ◽  
D. O. Alonge
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Pathogenic Organism ◽  
Mechanical Pump ◽  
Oral Method

Two methods of inflating goat carcasses prior to dehairing - the oral and the mechanical pump • are compared for efficiency and microbial contamination. The mechanical pump method was found to be two times faster, to have less total bacterial load with no pathogenic organism as seen in the oral method.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between ATP Measurement and Microbial Contamination of Inanimate Surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas van Arkel ◽  
Ina Willemsen ◽  
Jan Kluytmans
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Nursing Home Setting ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background:The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) measurements and microbial contamination using a standardized method. Methods: ATP measurements and aerobic colony counts (ACC’s) were conducted on 10 pre-defined fomites in a hospital and nursing home setting. Per fomite two ATP measurements and two agar plate measurements were conducted, each measurement was conducted on a 25 cm2 surface. Both measurements were compared and analyzed for correlation. Results: In total 200 paired measurements were conducted, 200 ATP measurements and 200 ACC’s. The mean of all ATP measurements tested on the same surface was calculated, as was for all 200 ACC’s. There was a strong correlation between the mean of two ATP measurements on two different sites on the same fomite (R=0.800, p<0.001) as well as between two ACC measurements on the same fomite (R=0.667, p<0.001). A much weaker correlation was found between RLU values and ACC’s (R=0.244, p<0.001). Conclusions: Reproducibility of ATP measurements and ACC’s on the same fomite was good. However, the correlation between RLU values and ACC’s on hospital surfaces was much lower. This may be explained by the wide variety of biological material that is measured with ATP, of which the bacterial load is only one of many components. ATP measurement can be used to give a quantifiable outcome for the rating of cleanliness in health care facilities, however the results cannot be translated into the level of microbial contamination.

scholarly journals Cultivation-based quantification and identification of bacteria at two hygienic key sides of domestic washing machines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Jacksch ◽  
Huzefa Zohra ◽  
Mirko Weide ◽  
Sylvia Schnell ◽  
Markus Egert
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Average Standard Error

AbstractDetergent drawer and door seal represent important sites for microbial life in domestic washing machines. Interestingly, quantitative data on microbial contamination of these sites is scarce. Here, 10 domestic washing machines were swap-sampled for subsequent bacterial cultivation at four different sampling sites, each: detergent drawer, detergent drawer chamber as well as top and bottom part of the rubber door seal. The average bacterial load over all washing machines and sites was 2.1 ± 1.0 × 104 CFU cm−2 (average ± standard error of the mean (SEM)). The top part of the door seal showed the lowest contamination (11.1 ± 9.2 × 101 CFU cm−2), probably due to less humidity.Out of 212 isolates, 178 (84%) were identified on genus level and 118 (56%) on species level using MALDI biotyping, resulting in 29 genera and 40 identified species across all machines. The predominant bacterial genera were Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, which were found at all sites. 21 out of 40 species were classified as opportunistic pathogens, emphasizing the need for regular cleaning of the investigated sites.

scholarly journals Bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes: A comparative analysis of different denominations recovered from local food vendors

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10795
Author(s):  
Chigozie E. Ofoedu ◽  
Jude O. Iwouno ◽  
Ijeoma M. Agunwah ◽  
Perpetual Z. Obodoechi ◽  
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Currency Note ◽  
Hand Contact

Microbial transmission, on the surface of any currency note, can either be through direct (hand-to-hand contact) or indirect (food or other inanimate objects) means. To ascertain the degree of bacterial load enumerated during the handling of money and food items, particularly on currency note by denominations, should be of public health importance. Despite the available literature regarding microbial contamination of Nigerian currency notes, there is still paucity of information about how microbial contamination/load differ across the denominations specific to different food vendors. In this context, therefore, the current study investigated bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes via a comparative study of different denominations (₦1,000, ₦500, ₦200, ₦100, ₦50, ₦20, and 10, and ₦5) recovered from local food vendors. Specifically, the different food handlers/vendors included fruit, meat, vegetable, fish, and grain/cereal sellers. All emergent data from 8 × 5 factorial design of experiment were of duplicate measurements. To consider the currency denominations and food vendor type, a one-factor-at-a-time analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Results showed that about 81.7% of currency notes were contaminated with either Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. or Staphylococcus spp. in varying degrees. The higher denominations of ₦500, ₦200, and ₦100 note, with the exception of ₦1,000 note, recorded increased degree of contamination over the lower denominations of ₦50, ₦20, ₦10, and ₦5 note. Based on the total viable count (TVC), the ₦100 currency note appeared the most contaminated (1.32 × 105 cfu/ml) whereas ₦5 note appeared the least contaminated (1.46 × 104 cfu/ml). The frequency of isolated bacteria on currency notes from vegetable, meat, and fish sellers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to other food vendors. The degree of bacterial contamination of the current work appears chiefly dependent on the food vendor type and currency denomination(s). This work calls for increased awareness and education among food vendors and ready-to-eat food sellers. Doing this would help mitigate the possible cross-contamination between currency notes and foodstuff. Through this, consumers would know more about the potential health risks such simultaneous activities (of handling currency notes and foodstuff) do pose on food safety.

scholarly journals Effect of Pig Farm on Microbial Contamination of Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Trawińska ◽  
Milena Józwik ◽  
Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek ◽  
Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska ◽  
Jerzy Lechowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Swine Farm ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Relative Moisture ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions

Abstract The objective of the study was to assess microbial contamination of soil collected in a swine farm and manure from animals housed there depending on the season of the year and the sampling site. The study was conducted from October to September. The soil samples were taken immediately at the pig house wall (GI), and at the distance of 15 m (GII) and 45 m (GIII) from the house wall. Besides, manure samples were collected inside the pig housing facility: at the entrance to the pig house (KI) and at 1/4 (KII) and 1/2 length of the animal facility (KIII). The soil and manure samples underwent qualitative and quantitative bacteriological evaluation. The study was conducted according to the procedure laid out in the Polish Standards. There was also assessed air temperature and relative moisture, air motion and cooling as well as sample moisture in the sampling site. The greatest number of all studied bacteria was determined in soil collected 15 m from the piggery (GII) in December/January. The highest coli titre (0.0001) was also established in the samples (GII) at that time. The qualitative analysis of soil showed solely the presence of E. coli bacteria which were recovered in the GII soils taken from November to May. The largest bacterial load in swine manure was determined in the samples collected at 1/2 length of the pig house (KII) at the end of December and January. The growth of all the analysed microbes was favoured by sample moisture, while air relative moisture prompted development of psychrophilic and proteolytic bacteria. E. coli were isolated in manure samples throughout the entire research period, whereas Enterobacter spp. were detected in the KI and KII samples from June to August and in KII samples from June to September. The winter period was shown to affect significantly microbial contamination of swine farm environment as at that time the highest bacterial load was determined in soil and manure. This is most likely to be associated with the climatic and microclimatic conditions observed in those days.

scholarly journals Microbial contamination in herbal medicines available in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Noor ◽  
N Huda ◽  
F Rahman ◽  
T Bashar ◽  
SK Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
British Pharmacopoeia ◽  
Liquid Samples ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Oral Liquid ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Plants have long been used as herbal medicines in many countries. However, microbial contamination of these medicines may affect human health. Present study was performed to assess the pathogenic proliferation in the locally available commercial herbal oral medicines. The pathogenic load was compared with the microbiological standard given by the British Pharmacopoeia. Out of 85 oral liquid samples, 2 were found to be highly contaminated with a total aerobic bacterial load of 1.24×105 cfu/ml, 10 samples were contaminated with fungi (1.2×104-6.3×104 cfu/ml). Tests for specific pathogens were carried out. One sample showed contamination by coliforms but none of the samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Among 40 semisolid samples, one showed to be contaminated with bacteria (1.93×105 cfu/g) and 5 samples consisted of fungal load ranging between 1.5×104-2.2×104 cfu/g. The presence of bacteria and fungi in these samples thus suggest the fact that aseptic handling is necessary during processing of oral herbal medicines. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i3.20313 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 124-129

Combined Effects of Lactic Acid and Nisin Solution in Reducing Levels of Microbiological Contamination in Red Meat Carcasses

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1780-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASMINA BARBOZA de MARTINEZ ◽  
KENNA FERRER ◽  
ENRIQUE MARQUEZ SALAS
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Plate Counts

Changes in bacterial counts on beef carcasses at specific points during slaughter and fabrication were determined, and the effectiveness of nisin, lactic acid, and a combination of the lactic acid and nisin in reducing levels of microbiological contamination was assessed. Swab samples were obtained from the surfaces of randomly selected beef carcasses. Carcasses were swabbed from the neck, brisket, and renal site after skinning, splitting, and washing. Treatments involving lactic acid (1.5%), nisin (500 IU/ml), or a mixture of nisin and lactic acid were applied after the neck area was washed. A control group was not sprayed. Results indicated that the highest prevalence of aerobic plate counts (APCs), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli was found in the neck site after splitting, and the lowest level of microbial contamination was found after skinning. Washing with water did not significantly reduce the bacterial load. The largest reduction in APCs, total coliforms, and E. coli occurred on carcasses treated with a mixture of nisin and lactic acid. A mixture of nisin and lactic acid can be applied to beef carcasses through spray washing and can reduce bacterial populations by 2 log units.

scholarly journals Cultivation-Based Quantification and Identification of Bacteria at Two Hygienic Key Sides of Domestic Washing Machines

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Susanne Jacksch ◽  
Huzefa Zohra ◽  
Mirko Weide ◽  
Sylvia Schnell ◽  
Markus Egert
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
The Mean

Detergent drawer and door seal represent important sites for microbial life in domestic washing machines. Interestingly, quantitative data on the microbial contamination of these sites is scarce. Here, 10 domestic washing machines were swab-sampled for subsequent bacterial cultivation at four different sampling sites: detergent drawer and detergent drawer chamber, as well as the top and bottom part of the rubber door seal. The average bacterial load over all washing machines and sites was 2.1 ± 1.0 × 104 CFU cm−2 (average number of colony forming units ± standard error of the mean (SEM)). The top part of the door seal showed the lowest contamination (11.1 ± 9.2 × 101 CFU cm−2), probably due to less humidity. Out of 212 isolates, 178 (84%) were identified on the genus level, and 118 (56%) on the species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Biotyping, resulting in 29 genera and 40 identified species across all machines. The predominant bacterial genera were Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, which were found at all sites. 22 out of 40 species were classified as opportunistic pathogens, emphasizing the need for regular cleaning of the investigated sites.

scholarly journals Cold Spots in Neonatal Incubators Are Hot Spots for Microbial Contamination

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
pp. 8568-8572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus C. de Goffau ◽  
Klasien A. Bergman ◽  
Hendrik J. de Vries ◽  
Nico E. L. Meessen ◽  
John E. Degener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Local Equilibrium ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Cold Spots

ABSTRACTThermal stability is essential for the survival and well-being of preterm neonates. This is achieved in neonatal incubators by raising the ambient temperature and humidity to sufficiently high levels. However, potentially pathogenic microorganisms also can thrive in such warm and humid environments. We therefore investigated whether the level of microbial contamination (i.e., the bacterial load) inside neonatal incubators can be predicted on the basis of their average temperature and relative humidity settings, paying special attention to local temperature differences. Swab samples were taken from the warmest and coldest spots found within Caleo incubators, and these were plated to determine the number of microbial CFU per location. In incubators with high average temperature (≥34°C) and relative humidity (≥60%) values, the level of microbial contamination was significantly higher at cold spots than at hot spots. This relates to the fact that the local equilibrium relative humidity at cold spots is sufficiently high to sustain microbial growth. The abundance of staphylococci, which are the main causative agents of late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates, was found to be elevated significantly in cold areas. These findings can be used to improve basic incubator hygiene.

scholarly journals The correlation between ATP measurement and microbial contamination of inanimate surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas van Arkel ◽  
Ina Willemsen ◽  
Jan Kluytmans
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Nursing Home Setting ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) measurements and microbial contamination using a standardized method. Secondarily, analyzing reproducibility of ATP measurements and aerobic colony counts (ACC’s) on the same surface. Methods ATP measurements and ACC’s were conducted on 10 pre-defined fomites in a hospital and nursing home setting. Per fomite two ATP measurements and two agar plate measurements were conducted, each measurement was conducted on a 25 cm2 surface. Both measurements were compared and analyzed for correlation. Results In total 200 paired measurements were conducted, 200 ATP measurements and 200 ACC’s. The mean of all ATP measurements tested on the same surface was calculated, as was for all 200 ACC’s. There was a strong correlation between the mean of two ATP measurements on two different sites on the same fomite (R = 0.800, p < 0.001) as well as between two ACC measurements on the same fomite (R = 0.667, p < 0.001). A much weaker correlation was found between RLU values and ACC’s (R = 0.244, p < 0.001). Conclusions Reproducibility of ATP measurements and ACC’s on the same fomite was good. However, the correlation between RLU values and ACC’s on hospital surfaces was much lower. This may be explained by the wide variety of biological material that is measured with ATP, of which the bacterial load is only one of many components. ATP measurement can be used to give a quantifiable outcome for the rating of cleanliness in health care facilities, however the results cannot be translated into the level of microbial contamination.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF CHICKEN EGGS FROM DIFFERENT POULTRY FARMS IN AL ZAWIA REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Siham A. Ali ◽  
Samira B. Abusiwi ◽  
Sarah A. Haouissa ◽  
Khaled Othman ◽  
Sondos A. Azaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Technology ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Egg Shell Membrane ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Microbial Toxins

Table eggs are consumed worldwide and are considered the most nutritious inexpensive source of protein that makes part of a healthy diet. Mistreated eggs have the ability to carry microorganisms or microbial toxins causing disease. The objective of this study is to determine how safe eggs are by identifying the bacterial load and pathogens resident on eggshells. Method: This study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Technology Sabratha. Shells of One hundred and fifty of chicken eggs collected from different poultry farms in region of Alzawia-Libya. Each egg shell membrane was swabbed and immediately transferred to appropriate broth media and incubated at 37°C° for 18 hours. After incubation period a loop-full of broth media was transferred to agar media and incubated at 37°C for 48 hrs. Results: The result obtained showed microbial contamination was present on 135 (90%) of all eggshells. Of the microorganisms present 43% was bacteria and 47% was fungi. Conclusion: It can be concluded that eggs got from the Libyan farm-hens can be contaminated and need for optimum hygienic conditions at the farm level to decrease the bacterial load.

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