Diabetic nephropathy: modern principles of classification, diagnosis and features of antihyperglycemic therapy

Author(s):  
А.Г. Борисов ◽  
С.В. Чернавский ◽  
М.А. Смирнова ◽  
А.А. Стремоухов

Статья посвящена современным подходам к терапии сахарного диабета, осложненного поражением почек. Сахарный диабет является важнейшей проблемой современной медицины, что прежде всего обусловлено высокой распространенностью заболевания среди трудоспособного населения. Диабетическая нефропатия – одно из тяжелых хронических осложнений диабета, повышающее инвалидизацию и смертность пациентов. Диабетическая нефропатия является основной причиной развития терминальной почечной недостаточности в развитых странах и со временем затрагивает около 30% пациентов. Поражение почек у больных сахарным диабетом встречается в 6-7% случаев из общего числа нефропатий у пациентов, получающих лечение в специализированном нефрологическом отделении многопрофильного стационара. Первые проявления диабетической нефропатии развиваются через 3-4 года от дебюта заболевания и достигают своего пика через 15-20 лет. Понятие «хроническая болезнь почек» включает в себя поражение почек независимо от первичного диагноза, характеризующееся такими основными диагностическими критериями, как экскреция альбумина с мочой и значения скорости клубочковой фильтрации, которые являются маркерами повреждения почек. Методы предупреждения прогрессирования диабетической нефропатии включают в себя общие мероприятия по изменению образа жизни, контроль гликемии и артериального давления, коррекцию нарушений липидного обмена в сочетании с нефропротективной терапией. В настоящее время при выборе терапии у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа в сочетании с хронической болезнью почек наряду с приемом метформина предпочтение отдается ингибиторам натрий-глюкозного котранспортера 2-го типа и агонистам рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1, обладающим нефропротективным эффектом. The article is devoted to modern approaches to the treatment of diabetes mellitus complicated by kidney damage. Diabetes mellitus is the most important problem of modern medicine, which is primarily due to the high prevalence of the disease among the working-age population. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the severe chronic complications of diabetes, which increases the disability and mortality of patients. Diabetic nephropathy is the main cause of the development of end-stage renal failure in developed countries and eventually affects about 30% of patients. Kidney damage in patients with diabetes occurs in 6-7% of cases out of the total number of nephropathies in patients receiving treatment in a specialized nephrological department of a multidisciplinary hospital. The first manifestations of diabetic nephropathy develop 3-4 years after the onset of the disease, and reach their peak in 15-20 years. The concept of «chronic kidney disease» includes kidney damage regardless of the primary diagnosis and is characterized by such basic diagnostic criteria as urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate values, which are markers of kidney damage. Methods for preventing the progression of diabetic nephropathy include general measures to change the lifestyle, control of glycemia and blood pressure, correction of lipid metabolism disorders in combination with nephroprotective therapy. Currently, when choosing therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with chronic kidney disease, along with taking metformin, preference is given to sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists with a nephroprotective effect.

Author(s):  
Nóra Kovács ◽  
Attila Nagy ◽  
Viktor Dombrádi ◽  
Klára Bíró

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the burden of complications are increasing worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one serious complication. Our aim was to investigate the trends and inequalities of the burden of CKD due to T2DM between 1990 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange database. Age-standardized incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates of CKD were used to estimate the disease burden across the Human Development Index (HDI). Joinpoint regression was performed to assess changes in trend, and the Gini coefficient was used to assess health inequality. A higher incidence was observed in more developed countries (p < 0.001), while higher mortality and DALYs rates were experienced in low and middle HDI countries in 2019 (p < 0.001). The trend of incidence has increased since 1990 (AAPC: 0.9–1.5%), while slight decrease was observed in low HDI countries in mortality (APC: −0.1%) and DALYs (APC: −0.2%). The Gini coefficients of CKD incidence decreased from 0.25 in 2006 to 0.23 in 2019. The socioeconomic development was associated with disease burden. Our findings indicate that awareness of complications should be improved in countries with high incidence, and cost-effective preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic tools are necessary to implement in less developed regions.


2021 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Arus Garikovna Margaryan ◽  
Svetlana Anatolievna Lebedeva ◽  
Dariya Mikhailovna Lisitsyna ◽  
Polina Igorevna Sirotkina ◽  
Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Yakubova ◽  
...  

The diabetic kidney disease (also known as diabetic nephropathy) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and also the most common cause of chronic kidney disease. Elevated plasma levels of vasopressin are consistently observed in patients with either type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and in animal models of diabetes mellitus. A role of enhanced vasopressin signaling in progression of the diabetic nephropathy to chronic kidney disease has been suggested in several epidemiological studies but the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain largely unclear and are the subject of current scientific research.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Muñoz Lara ◽  
Jorge García Vega ◽  
Juan Pablo Moncada Patiño ◽  
Alma Rosa Tovar ◽  
Patricia Isolina del Socorro Gómez Aguilar

Introduction: The complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), are the second leading cause of death in Oxcutzcab municipality of Yacatan, Mexico. The objective of the study was to estimate the burden of chronic kidney disease in a sample of patients with T2DM from Oxcutzcab municipality of Yacatan, Mexico, region characterized by high amound of poverty and vulnerabidity.Methods: This is a descriptive study involving 108 adult patients between 26 and 79 years old with T2DM who attended the PROSPERA, social protection program under the direction of Ministry of Social Development of Mexico (88% female and 12% male). Weight, height, BMI, and years of post T2DM diagnosis were measured. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Results: We found that 39.81% of participants had stage one kidney damage, 34.26% stage two, 24.07% stage three, one case of stage four, and one of stage five. BMI measurements indicated that 40.74% of participants were obese (≥30kg/m2), 35.19% were overweight, and 1.85% were underweight. In terms of years since diagnosis, 37.04% of the participants were diagnosed five years ago and less, 29.63% of participants were diagnosed 6-10 years ago, 22.22% between 11-15 years ago, 8.33% between 16-20 years ago, and 2.78% of participants over 20 years ago.Conclusions: Most participants were in stages one to three of kidney damage, where the main objective of the medical team was medical treatment of T2DM and comorbidities, as well as nutritional support to prevent further complications. There was only one case in stage four and five each, where dialysis and kidney transplantation became necessary. Both cases presented had a history of T2DM for over 20 years. It is important to identify early kidney damage to improve quality of life, reduce the treatment costs, and lower mortality.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Wang ◽  
Lijun Zhao ◽  
Junlin Zhang ◽  
Yiting Wang ◽  
Yucheng Wu ◽  
...  

Objective: Our study sought to investigate the clinicopathologic features and renal prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in different age groups. Methods: A total of 315 patients with T2DM and biopsy-proven DN were enrolled and divided into three groups by age: the Youth group (≤44 years old), the Middle-aged group (45 to 59 years old), and the Elderly group (≥60 years old). Results: The Youth group, Middle-aged group, and Elderly group accounted for 19.05% (60/315), 59.37% (187/315), and 21.59% (68/315) of the patients in our study, respectively. The patients in the Youth group had a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease–Epidemiology collaboration formula) ( P<.001), a higher incidence of diabetic retinopathy ( P = .044), and a higher incidence of being in the lower-risk chronic kidney disease heat map category ( P = .046) but lower duration of diabetes ( P = .016). Histologically, patients in the Youth group had the highest incidence of glomerular classification in class I ( P = .006) and arteriolar hyalinosis score of 0 ( P = .005). The renal survival among the three groups was comparable ( P>.05). Conclusion: This study indicated that there were different clinicopathologic features among Chinese DN patients in different age groups. Although the Youth group had a relatively lower rapid kidney disease progression rate, there were no significant differences in renal survival rate among the three groups, which calls more attention to early supervision and prevention for younger DN patients. Abbreviations: CKD = chronic kidney disease; DN = diabetic nephropathy; DR = diabetic retinopathy; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; G&Y&O = green and yellow and orange; IFTA = interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Wilailuck Tuntayothin ◽  
Stephen John Kerr ◽  
Chanchana Boonyakrai ◽  
Suwasin Udomkarnjananun ◽  
Sumitra Chukaew ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 100739
Author(s):  
Claire A Lawson ◽  
Samuel Seidu ◽  
Francesco Zaccardi ◽  
Gerry McCann ◽  
Umesh T Kadam ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Julia Estela Willrich Böell ◽  
Denise Maria Guerreiro Vieira da Silva ◽  
Kathleen Mary Hegadoren

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the association between resilience and sociodemographic variables and the health of people with chronic kidney disease and / or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: a cross-sectional observational study performed with 603 people with chronic kidney disease and / or type 2 diabetes mellitus. A tool to collect socio-demographic and health data and the Resilience Scale developed by Connor and Davidson were applied. A descriptive and multivariate analysis was performed. Results: the study participants had on average 61 years old (SD= 13.2), with a stable union (52.24%), religion (96.7%), retired (49.09%), with primary education (65%) and income up to three minimum wages. Participants with kidney disease showed less resilience than people with diabetes. Conclusion: the type of chronic illness, disease duration, body mass index and religious beliefs influenced the resilience of the study participants.


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