scholarly journals Raman spectroscopy shows difference in drugs at ultra high dilution prepared with stepwise mechanical agitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9
Author(s):  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Dipanwita Majumdar ◽  
Achintya Singha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Weak Hydrogen Bonds

Abstract Objective The present study aims at deciphering the nature of the water structure in two drugs at ultra high dilution (HD) by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. Method Two drugs like Sulphur and Natrum mur and their three high dilutions 30cH, 200cH and 1000cH were selected for the study. The 30cH means dilution 1060 with mechanical agitation in 30 steps.Raman spectra of the drugs and their medium (90%ethanol)were obtained in the wave number region of 2600-3800 cm-1. The intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3220 and 3420 (R1) and that between 3620 and 3420 (R2) were calculated for each HD as well as the control. Results Raman spectra show differences in intensities in different HD’s and their control in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three HD’s of each drug show inverse relationship with respect to the R1 values. However, for R2 the relationship of HD’s for each drug is positive. Conclusion R1 provides information about the relative number of OH groups with strong and weak hydrogen bonds. R2 suggests the relative number of OH groups with broken and weak hydrogen bonds. Judged from R1 values the lower is the rank of HD, the stronger is the H-bond of the OH groups. In the light of R2 values the higher is the HD rank the more abundant is the free OH groups. So, hydrogen bond strength and free OH groups together make an effective HD rank relating to Sulphur and Natrum mur.

scholarly journals Raman spectroscopy reveals variation in free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength in ultrahigh dilutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-9
Author(s):  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Dipanwita Majumdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Laser Raman ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Strength ◽  
Homeopathic Drugs

Objective: To decipher the nature of water structure in two ultrahigh diluted (UHD) homeopathic drugs by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. Method: Two homeopathic drugs Calcarea carbonica (Calc.) and Sepia officinalis (Sep.) in 8cH, 202cH, and 1002cH and their diluent medium 90% ethanol in 8cH and 202cH were used in the present study. Laser Raman spectra of all the samples were obtained in the wave number region of 2400 – 4200 cm-1. The intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 (R1) and that between 3620 and 3420 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples. Results: The spectra show a marked difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups of all the samples. R1 values for three UHDs of Calc. and Sep. show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In the case of R2 values, the relationship in three UHDs is 81002 for Calc., and 8> 202 < 1002 for Sep. In the case of control (ethanol UHDs) both R1 and R2 show a negative relationship. Conclusion: R1 denotes a relative number of OH groups with strong and weak hydrogen bonds. R2 indicates the relative number of OH groups with broken and weak H-bonds. Therefore, the UHDs of the two drugs and the control are different from each other with respect to hydrogen bond strength of OH groups and the number of free OH groups or non-hydrogen bonded water molecules.

scholarly journals Raman spectroscopy reveals distinctive features of drugs at ultra high dilution

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
Achintya Singha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
X Ray

Background             Drugs at ultra high dilution (UHD) have been used in homeopathy for a couple of centuries. The central theme in homeopathic Materia Medica is that each drug has its own distinctive features which need to be matched with the symptoms of a patient for eliciting therapeutic response. However, UHD’s very often (above 12 cH) cross the Avogadro number, and are, therefore, devoid of original drug molecules. How do they maintain their individual identity ? This study aims to address this pertinent question.   Objective :             The medium of UHD’s is ethanol water. It is thought that water structures in a UHD carry the identity of the drug and its rank of dilution. The objective is to decipher the exact nature of water structure in UHD’s of different drugs by laser Raman spectroscopy.   Method :             Six homeopathic drugs and their control ethanol, all in 90% ethanol v/v, were used in the study. For Sulphur and Natrum mur, potencies used were 30 cH, 200 cH and 1000 cH, and for Calcarea carb and Sepia  the potencies were 8 cH, 202 cH and 1002 cH. In addition to the four drugs we also used X-ray and Magnetis poli ambo which did not originate from any substance by exposure of ethanol water to X radiation and strong magnetic field.For this we could use their mother tinctures as well as ultrahigh dilutions(potencies) like 8cH, 14cH and 32cH. The potencies used for ethanol control were 8 cH, 14cH, 32cH and 20 cH. Raman spectra of all the potencies of 6 drugs, ethanol control and pure water were taken in the wave number region of 2400-4200 cm-1. All the samples were reduced to 25% ethanol by adding appropriate volume of water to each of them before taking the spectra. The mother tinctures MT of X-ray and Magnetis were studied. The intensity ratio of vibration frequencies between 3200 cm-1 and 3420 cm-1 (R1) and that between 3620 cm-1 and 3420 cm-1 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples.   Results : All the UHD’s of the drugs and the control tested show difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three UHD’s from low to high ranks of both Natrum mur and Sulphur show negative relationship with respect to R1 values, and positive one concerning  R2 values. R1 values for 3 UHD’s of Calcarea carb and Sepia show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In case of R2 values the relationship in 3 UHD’s is 81002 for Calcarea carb, and 8>202

The structural spectra of high dilutions and their unconventional application

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saurav Arora
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Laser Raman ◽  
Poly Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
High Dilutions

Until few years, the so-called implausible science, homeopathy, was on the verge of being rejected on conventional physicochemical grounds. The mere selection of ultrahigh dilutions (UHD) (homeopathic potencies) for experimentation by mainstream scientists seemed impossible, but the curiosity to explore the science behind homeopathy kept igniting intellectual alma mater who subjected homeopathy to laboratories and test tubes, to know beyond its clinical application. Still, there exist a huge gap and a challenge to convince a conventional scientist to go beyond his domains and look for something which is apparently invisible (beyond Avogadro). But gradually we are overcoming this dogma and exploring the finer aspects and applications of UHDs. Much research has been undertaken, at least, to protect the identity of UHDs, and we are now verge of proving the plausibility of homeopathy from every aspect. This issue of International Journal of High Dilution Research features two interesting articles on nature of UHDs and their unconventional application. The first article by NC Sukul et al aimed to decipher the nature of the water structure of UHDs of two commonly used homeopathic drugs Natrum muriaticum and Sulphur by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. This work is in the series undertaken by the group, who earlier experimented using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Electronic, Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy to shown differences in UHDs of various drugs. The present experiment could differentiate the intensities (potencies) of Nat-m and Sulph when compared to their controls, on the basis of hydrogen bond strength and free OH groups. The second article by Nandy et al proposes a new dimension to the application of UHD. In an interesting manner, the author used UHDs of Ferrum metallicum and Zincum oxidatum to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). The PVDF-HFP composite films were synthesized in their usual way, but an incorporation of Ferrum and Zinc-o could make the film as homeo-PVDF-composite. This enhancement of the electrical properties and are possibly due to the presence of nanoparticle, as hypothesized by the group. The nature and application of UHDs are promising but challenging areas, which can only be validated through extensive research and validation. The realm of UHDs is expanding, and the day is not far when plausibility of homeopathy would be proved from every aspect, but at the same time we should also keep the momentum of research at pace in clinical research too!

Raman spectroscopy of weak hydrogen bonds in the liquid phase

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Perchard ◽  
C. Perchard ◽  
A. Burneau ◽  
J. Limouzi
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Weak Hydrogen Bonds

Investigation of the Origin of Voltage Generation in Potentized Homeopathic Medicine through Raman Spectroscopy

Homeopathy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (02) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Bhattacharya ◽  
Payaswini Maitra ◽  
Debbethi Bera ◽  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Poonam Bandyopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Vibrational Spectra ◽  
Strong Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Homeopathic Medicine ◽  
Presence And Absence

Background For the study of homeopathic medicines in proper perspective, emerging techniques in material science are being used. Vibrational spectroscopy is one such tool for providing information on different states of hydrogen bonding as an effect of potentization. The associated change in electrical properties is also correlated with this effect. Objective From the vibrational spectra, the changes in hydrogen bonding due to dilution followed by unidirectional vigorous shaking (together termed potentization) of 91% ethanol and two homeopathic medicines Chininum purum and Acidum benzoicum have been studied. The aim was to correlate the result with the change in the electrical properties of the system. Methods Raman spectroscopy was used to study the vibrational spectra. A U-shaped glass tube (electrochemical cell), where one arm contained bi-distilled water and the other arm alcohol/homeopathic medicine (the arms being separated by a platinum foil), was used to measure the voltage generated across two symmetrically placed platinum electrodes. Results For all samples, it was observed that potentization affected the intensity of OH stretching bands at the frequencies 3240 cm−1, 3420 cm−1 and 3620 cm−1, corresponding to strong hydrogen bond, weak hydrogen bond and broken hydrogen bond, respectively. With the increase in potency, in the presence and absence of the two medicines in ethanol, the number of OH groups linked by strong hydrogen bonds decreased, while the number of OH groups with weak hydrogen bonds increased. With the increase in potentization, the number of OH groups with broken hydrogen bonds showed a difference in the presence and absence of the medicine.The voltage measurements for ethanol show that, with succussion, the magnitude of voltage increased with the two medicines at lower potencies, but not at higher potency where the voltage is lower. Acidum benzoicum, which is acidic in nature, had higher voltage values (113mV, 130 mV and 118 mV at 6C, 30C and 200C, respectively), compared with Chininum purum, which is basic in nature (20 mV, 85 mV and 65 mV at 6C, 30C and 200C, respectively). Conclusion The experimental results indicate a correlation between the vibrational and electrical properties of the homeopathic medicines Acidum benzoicum and Chininum purum at different potencies.

A new polymorph of physcion

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. o317-o319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Hopf ◽  
Peter G. Jones ◽  
Eva Goclik ◽  
Pauline Aust ◽  
Johanna Rödiger
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Ring System ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Acta Cryst ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Weak Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Aromatic Region ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen

The structure of the title compound, 7-methoxy-2-methyl-4,5-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione, C16H12O5, was originally reported by Ulickýet al.[Acta Cryst.(1991). C47, 1879–1881] in the space groupP212121[polymorph (Io)]. The new polymorph, (Im), crystallizes in the space groupP21/c. The molecular structures are closely similar, with both –OH groups forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds to one of the neighbouring quinone O atoms, thus slightly lengthening this C=O bond; the pattern of C—C bond lengths in the ring system is consistent with some contribution from a resonance form with a negative charge at the hydrogen-bonded quinone O atom and an aromatic region around its neighbouring C atoms. The packing of (Im) is simpler than the extensively crosslinked pattern of (Io), with molecular tapes connected by classical (but three-centre) and `weak' hydrogen bonds, parallel to [20\overline{1}].

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