scholarly journals Russia's black carbon emissions: focus on diesel sources

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 11267-11281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar Kholod ◽  
Meredydd Evans ◽  
Teresa Kuklinski
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Model Computer

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a significant climate forcer with a particularly pronounced forcing effect in polar regions such as the Russian Arctic. Diesel combustion is a major global source of BC emissions, accounting for 25–30 % of all BC emissions. While the demand for diesel is growing in Russia, the country's diesel emissions are poorly understood. This paper presents a detailed inventory of Russian BC emissions from diesel sources. Drawing on a complete Russian vehicle registry with detailed information about vehicle types and emission standards, this paper analyzes BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles. We use the COPERT emission model (COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) with Russia-specific emission factors for all types of on-road vehicles. On-road diesel vehicles emitted 21 Gg of BC in 2014: heavy-duty trucks account for 60 % of the on-road BC emissions, while cars represent only 5 % (light commercial vehicles and buses account for the remainder). Using Russian activity data and fuel-based emission factors, the paper also presents BC emissions from diesel locomotives and ships, off-road engines in industry, construction and agriculture, and generators. The study also factors in the role of superemitters in BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles and off-road sources. The total emissions from diesel sources in Russia are estimated to be 49 Gg of BC and 17 Gg of organic carbon (OC) in 2014. Off-road diesel sources emitted 58 % of all diesel BC in Russia.

scholarly journals Russia's black carbon emissions: focus on diesel sources

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kholod ◽  
M. Evans ◽  
T. Kuklinski
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Diesel Vehicles

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a significant climate forcer with a particularly pronounced forcing effect in polar regions, like the Russian Arctic. Diesel combustion is a major global source of BC emissions, accounting for 25–30 % of all BC emissions. The demand for diesel is growing in Russia, but Russian diesel emissions are poorly understood. This paper presents a detailed inventory of Russian BC emissions from diesel sources. Drawing on a complete Russian vehicle registry with detailed information about vehicle types and emission standards, this paper analyzes BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles. We use the COPERT emission model with Russia-specific emission factors for all types of on-road vehicles. On-road diesel vehicles emitted 21 Gg of BC in 2014; heavy-duty trucks account for 70 % of the on-road BC emissions, while cars represent only 4 % (light commercial vehicles and buses account for the remainder). Using Russian activity data and fuel-based emission factors, the paper also presents BC emissions from diesel locomotives and ships, off-road engines in industry, construction and agriculture, and from diesel generators. The study also factors in the role of superemitters in BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles and off-road sources. The total emissions from diesel sources in Russia are estimated to be 48 Gg of BC and 16 Gg of OC in 2014. Off-road diesel sources emitted 57 % of all diesel BC in Russia.

scholarly journals Real World Vehicle Emission Factors for Black Carbon Derived from Longterm In-Situ Measurements and Inverse Modelling

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Anne Wiesner ◽  
Sascha Pfeifer ◽  
Maik Merkel ◽  
Thomas Tuch ◽  
Kay Weinhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Real World ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Local Conditions

Black carbon (BC) is one of the most harmful substances within traffic emissions, contributing considerably to urban pollution. Nevertheless, it is not explicitly regulated and the official laboratory derived emission factors are barely consistent with real world emissions. However, realistic emission factors (EFs) are crucial for emission, exposure, and climate modelling. A unique dataset of 10 years (2009–2018) of roadside and background measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentration made it possible to estimate real world traffic EFs and observe their change over time. The pollutant dispersion was modelled using the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). The EFs for eBC are derived for this specific measurement site in a narrow but densely trafficked street canyon in Leipzig, Germany. The local conditions and fleet composition can be considered as typical for an inner-city traffic scenario in a Western European city. The fleet is composed of 22% diesel and 77% petrol cars in the passenger car segment, with an unknown proportion of direct injection engines. For the mixed fleet the eBC EF was found to be 48 mg km−1 in the long-term average. Accelerated by the introduction of a low emission zone, the EFs decreased over the available time period from around 70 mg km−1 to 30–40 mg km−1. Segregation into light (<3.5 t) and heavy (>3.5 t) vehicles resulted in slightly lower estimates for the light vehicles than for the mixed fleet, and one order of magnitude higher values for the heavy vehicles. The found values are considerably higher than comparable emission standards for particulate matter and even the calculations of the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA), which is often used as emission model input.

Implications of diesel emissions control failures to emission factors and road transport NOx evolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 542-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas Ntziachristos ◽  
Giannis Papadimitriou ◽  
Norbert Ligterink ◽  
Stefan Hausberger
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Emissions Control ◽  
Control Failures

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS FROM THE ROAD TRANSPORT IN SPAIN: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

Transport ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro José Pérez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Road ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Technological Improvements

The interurban road transport is one of the largest sources of emissions within all the economical sectors of Spain and accounts for 30% of the total energy consumption and subsequent CO2emissions. Fuel consumption, mostly gasoline and diesel, has decreased by −0.7% between 2004 and 2009 despite the increase of vehicle fleet (14.7%) and related travelled performances (3.1%). The paper estimates the energy consumption and subsequent emissions of CO2 and pollutants, CO, NOx, PM and NMVOC, of the interurban road transport in Spain for the period 2004–2009 by the use of a conceptual procedure. This procedure makes an effort to allocate the fuel sales, liters of diesel and gasoline, across different categories of vehicles (ages and technologies) operating on the interurban Spanish roads. In order to elaborate the inventory of energy consumption and emissions, the procedure uses the emission factors from the Copert process-based model, optimized for the Spanish interurban driving conditions. According to the inventory, total CO2 emissions have decreased from 68.0 Mt of CO2in 2004 to 66.9 Mt (−1.6%). This trend is due to diesel road vehicles. The CO2 emissions of gasoline vehicles and the total emission of related pollutants followed a downward trend due to technological improvements of vehicles and decrease of gasoline consumption. The CO2 emissions of diesel vehicles and the total emission of related pollutants followed an upward trend due to the increase of diesel consumption despite technological improvements of vehicles. Better estimates of energy consumption and emissions are possible in the future by using specific emission factors for different vehicle categories based on telemetric systems.

scholarly journals Black carbon emissions from Russian diesel sources: case study of Murmansk

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 3257-3284
Author(s):  
M. Evans ◽  
N. Kholod ◽  
V. Malyshev ◽  
S. Tretyakova ◽  
E. Gusev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
Transportation Vehicle

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a potent pollutant because of its effects on climate change, ecosystems and human health. Black carbon has a particularly pronounced impact as a climate forcer in the Arctic because of its effect on snow albedo and cloud formation. We have estimated BC emissions from diesel sources in Murmansk Region and Murmansk City, the largest city in the world above the Arctic Circle. In this study we developed a detailed inventory of diesel sources including on-road vehicles, off-road transport (mining, locomotives, construction and agriculture), fishing and diesel generators. For on-road transport, we conducted several surveys to understand the vehicle fleet and driving patterns, and, for all sources, we also relied on publicly available local data sets and analysis. We calculated that BC emission in Murmansk Region were 0.40 Gg in 2012. The mining industry is the largest source of BC emissions in the region, emitting 70% of all BC emissions because of its large diesel consumption and absence of emissions controls. On-road vehicles are the second largest source emitting about 12% of emissions. Old heavy duty trucks are the major source of emissions. Emission controls on new vehicles limit total emissions from on-road transportation. Vehicle traffic and fleet surveys show that many of the older cars on the registry are lightly or never used. We also estimated that total BC emissions from diesel sources in Russia were 56.7 Gg in 2010, and on-road transport contributed 55% of diesel BC emissions. Agricultural machinery is also a significant source Russia-wide, in part because of the lack of controls on off-road vehicles.

scholarly journals Black carbon emissions from Russian diesel sources: case study of Murmansk

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 8349-8359 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Evans ◽  
N. Kholod ◽  
V. Malyshev ◽  
S. Tretyakova ◽  
E. Gusev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
Transportation Vehicle

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a potent pollutant because of its effects on climate change, ecosystems and human health. Black carbon has a particularly pronounced impact as a climate forcer in the Arctic because of its effect on snow albedo and cloud formation. We have estimated BC emissions from diesel sources in the Murmansk Region and Murmansk City, the largest city in the world above the Arctic Circle. In this study we developed a detailed inventory of diesel sources including on-road vehicles, off-road transport (mining, locomotives, construction and agriculture), ships and diesel generators. For on-road transport, we conducted several surveys to understand the vehicle fleet and driving patterns, and, for all sources, we also relied on publicly available local data sets and analysis. We calculated that BC emissions in the Murmansk Region were 0.40 Gg in 2012. The mining industry is the largest source of BC emissions in the region, emitting 69 % of all BC emissions because of its large diesel consumption and absence of emissions controls. On-road vehicles are the second largest source, emitting about 13 % of emissions. Old heavy duty trucks are the major source of emissions. Emission controls on new vehicles limit total emissions from on-road transportation. Vehicle traffic and fleet surveys show that many of the older cars on the registry are lightly or never used. We also estimated that total BC emissions from diesel sources in Russia were 50.8 Gg in 2010, and on-road transport contributed 49 % of diesel BC emissions. Agricultural machinery is also a significant source Russia-wide, in part because of the lack of controls on off-road vehicles.

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Emission Factors of Black Carbon and Co-pollutants from Diesel Vehicles in Mexico City"

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Zavala ◽  
Luisa T. Molina ◽  
Tara I. Yacovitch ◽  
Edward C. Fortner ◽  
Joseph R. Roscioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Supplementary Material

Mitigation potential of black carbon emissions from on-road vehicles in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 116746
Author(s):  
Shaojun Zhang ◽  
Xiaomeng Wu ◽  
Xuan Zheng ◽  
Yifan Wen ◽  
Ye Wu
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Mitigation Potential

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of Emission Models of Parcel Lockers vs. Home Delivery Based on HBEFA

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6325
Author(s):  
Maren Schnieder ◽  
Chris Hinde ◽  
Andrew West
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Home Deliveries ◽  
Parcel Deliveries

Global concerns about the environmental effects (e.g., pollution, land use, noise) of last-mile deliveries are increasing. Parcel lockers are seen as an option to reduce these external effects of last-mile deliveries. The contributions of this paper are threefold: firstly, the research studies simulating the emissions caused by parcel delivery to lockers are summarized. Secondly, a demand model for parcel deliveries in New York City (NYC) is created for 365 days and delivery trips to lockers and homes are optimized for 20 “real-world” scenarios. Thirdly, using the emission factors included in the HandBook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) database, the maximum percentage of customers who could pick up a parcel by car from parcel lockers that would result in fewer total emissions (driving customers + walking customers) than if home deliveries were adopted is calculated for various pollutants and scenario assumptions (i.e., street types, temperature, parking duration, level of service and vehicle drivetrain). This paper highlights how small changes in the calibration can significantly change the results and therefore using average values for emission factors or only considering one pollutant like most studies may not be appropriate.

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