Cyber security in marine transport

In recent years, the number of cyber attacks, virus carriers, and cybercrime on maritime transport facilities has increased significantly. The emergence of new types of maritime vessels, such as autonomous vessels, dependent entirely on information and communication technologies used for passengers, cargo and baggage transportation, requires legal regulation of relations in this area. Therefore, ensuring cybersecurity in maritime transport and the need to adopt appropriate legal norms, standards and measures at both the international and national levels to manage maritime cyber risks are considered one of the most relevant topics for maritime transport. There is no single, systematic integrated approach, unification of requirements and rules in cybersecurity’s sphere of maritime transport [15]. In this regard, the authors analyze the issues of ensuring cybersecurity in maritime transport, the legal basis of security: some international documents and national legal acts, regulating cybersecurity in maritime transport, will be considered, as well as the main question of how they are able to meet modern requirements for ensuring cybersecurity in maritime transport.

AERODYNAMIC LIFT FORCES ON MULTIHULLED MARINE VEHICLES

The need for high-speed high-payload craft has led to considerable efforts within the marine transport industry towards a vehicle capable of bridging the gap between conventional ships and aircraft. One such concept uses the forward motion of the craft to create aerodynamic lift forces on a wing-like superstructure and hence, reduce the displacement and skin friction. This paper addresses the specific aerodynamic design of multihull for optimal lift production and shows that significant efficiency can be achieved through careful shaping of a ducted hull, with lift-to-drag ratios of nearly 50 for a complete aerodynamic hull configuration. Further analysis is carried out using a hybrid vehicle stability model to determine the effect of such aerodynamic alleviation on a theoretical planing hull. It is found that the resistance can be halved for a fifty metre, three hundred tonne vehicle with aerodynamic alleviation travelling at 70 knots. Results are presented for a candidate vessel.

The Impact of Trade Facilitation on Cross-Border E-Commerce Transactions: Analysis Based on the Marine and Land Cross-Border Logistical Practices between China and Countries along the “Belt and Road”

In the post-epidemic era, cross-border e-commerce has become a new growth point for global foreign trade. Unlike traditional trade, which is dominated by marine transport, cross-border e-commerce transactions have high requirements for both marine and land transport, and the scale of their trade is accordingly limited by the level of trade facilitation i.e., the convenience of cross-border logistics in bilateral trading countries. Based on transaction cost theory, this article takes cross-border e-commerce transactions between China and countries along “The Belt and Road” as the core of the study. From the perspective of marine and land transport timeliness, the theoretical framework is constructed using the marine and land logistics infrastructure, customs clearance environment, government–governance environment, and cross-border logistics services as the main influencing paths; the GMM method is then applied in order to conduct a study on the impact of trade facilitation on the scale effect of cross-border e-commerce. The study finds that marine and land transport infrastructure has the strongest impact, with customs clearance environment and government–governance environment having the second strongest and comparable impact. The findings of the study further clarify the differences in the application of different cross-border logistics facilitation measures, and provide a theoretical basis for improving the timeliness of cross-border e-commerce transactions and reducing trade costs as well as a reference for the realization of land–sea integration and land–sea interconnection under “The Belt and Road” initiative.

Historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes

Sustainable development of the transport industry can be provided through the introduction of combined transport systems. And one of the most promising ones is the train ferry transport system which combines railway and marine transport facilities. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense, as it was described by Vinogradov at the example of Saratovskaya Pereprava (route) and by Karakashly and Shklyaruk at the example of the lighter Ishimbay which was loaded from the side. The authors have analyzed the development of the train ferry routes serviced by the ice-breaking train ferries Baikal across Lake Baikal, and the ferries Sakhalin linked mainland Russia and Sakhalin Island. The article deals with the peculiarities of transportation by trains ferries in the USA, Japan, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Germany, Lithuania, and some other countries, and presents the analysis of the operational features of Ukrainian train ferries which connect Ukraine with Bulgaria, Georgia, and Turkey. Besides, the article describes some peculiarities of the loading and transportation of passenger trains by train ferries. The study deals with structural peculiarities, and processing technology used for modern train ferries operating across the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Baltic Sea. The research is based on the analysis of works by Egorov (the Marine Engineering Bureau, Ukraine). The research emphasizes the importance of train ferry transportation for the sustainable development of national economies including the economy of Ukraine.

Reconstructing Maritime Incidents and Accidents Using Causal Models for Safety Improvement: Based on a Case Study

No advance in navigation has yet to prevent the occurrence of accidents (incidents are always implied when we discuss accidents) at sea. At the same time, advances in accident models are possible, and may provide the basis for investigations and analyses to help prevent future adverse events and improve the safety of marine transport systems. In such complex socio-technical systems models that treat accidents as the result of a chain or sequence of events are used most commonly. Such models are well suited to damage caused by failure of physical components in relatively simple systems. Although these often include methods for modeling human error, they do not cover broader aspects related to the management of the organization using the means of transport itself (shipowners) nor errors that may occur in the design phase. In particular, they do not cover changes in the systems over time. The paper presents accident investigation approaches and uses a modified causal model to analyze an incident that occurred in January 2019 on the city ferry in Świnoujście. The results of the analysis were used to provide guidelines for increasing safety at the crossing and to evaluate the accident analysis model used. Additionally, incidentally, through the study of this case we uncovered a problem in communication among stakeholders that unnecessarily complicates the models for the models for the improvement of safety.

Selection of the composition and parameters of the propulsive complex of increased speed sea transport vessel

В работе предложена методика выбора состава и основных параметров двигательно-движительного комплекса морского транспортного судна, предложены критерии оценки указанного выбора. С использованием этой методики решена задача выбора числа гребных валов при проектировании транспортных судов повышенной скорости хода. Задача решена применительно к судну RO-RO типа «Сергей Киров» (проектная скорость 17 узлов) и контейнеровозу ФЕСКО «Байкал» (проектная скорость 22 узла). В качестве критериев оценки проектных решений использована совокупность величин: пропульсивный коэффициент, часовой расход топлива в главных двигателях и суммарные затраты денежных средств на покупку и эксплуатацию главных двигателей в течение расчётного срока. Второй из перечисленных критериев использован в составе относительного конструктивного коэффициента энергетической эффективности (EEDI), который по сути является величиной, характеризующей уровень выброса СО2 в атмосферу. В работе использован авторский программный комплекс ENGINES автоматизированного проектирования судового пропульсивного комплекса. В программе предусмотрен расчёт ходкости суда, параметров гребного винта, а также выбор из электронного каталога вариантов главного двигателя. Для каждого двигателя выполнена совместная оптимизация параметров гребного винта и рабочей точки двигателя с целью обеспечения минимального часового расхода топлива. Расчёты показали, что граничная проектная скорость движения судна, при превышении которой целесообразен переход от одновальной установки в двухвальной, составляет: для RO-RO – 16 узлов; для контейнеровоза – 25 узлов. The paper proposes a method for selecting the composition and main parameters of the propulsive complex of a marine transport vessel, and suggests criteria for evaluating this choice. Using this technique, the problem of selecting the number of propeller shafts in the design of increased speed transport vessels is solved. The problem is solved in relation to the RO-RO vessel "Sergey Kirov" (design speed 17 knots) and the container ship FESCO "Baikal" (design speed 22 knots). As criteria for evaluating design solutions, a set of values is used: the propulsive coefficient, the hourly fuel consumption in the main engines and the total cost of funds for the purchase and operation of the main engines during the estimated period. The second of these criteria is used as variety of the relative constructive energy efficiency coefficient (EEDI), which is essentially a value that characterizes the level of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The paper uses the author's software package ENGINES for computer-aided design of the ship's propulsive complex. The program provides for the calculation of the ship's seaworthiness, the parameters of the propeller, as well as the selection of the main engine from the electronic catalog of options. For each engine, the parameters of the propeller and the operating point of the engine are jointly optimized to ensure a minimum hourly fuel consumption. Calculations have shown that the limit design speed of the vessel, when exceeding which it is advisable to switch from a single-shaft installation to a two-shaft one, is: for RO-RO – 16 knots; for a container ship - 25 knots.

Verification Simulation and Development of New Marine Transport Model

The structure of the global supply chain creates an imbalance in trade between regions of the world. It creates many empty containers on the ocean shipping route. Focusing on this problem, we will develop an empty container relocation plan for empty containers in a marine container logistics network connecting multiple bases and propose a model that minimizes the total cost of container transportation. The proposed model was verified by the simulation designed and developed in this study, and the effectiveness of the proposed model was shown by the data of the marine transportation company.

Some aspects of the implementation of power plant management technologies taking into account the concept of autonomous vessels

Обеспечение удаленного управления судовой энергетической установкой автономного судна, контроль параметров процессов и оценка их технического состояния с использованием искусственных нейро-нечетких сетей для морского автономного надводного судна (МАНС). Создание цифровых двойников и прогнозирование технического состояния, моделирование сценариев изменения технического состояния судовых технических средств. Современные тенденции и перспективы научных изысканий в области управления судовыми энергетическими установками и системами, их обслуживающими, применительно к концепции автономного судна и безэкипажного (беспилотного) судоходства, а также выполнения ужесточающихся требований международного морского законодательства по предотвращению загрязнения атмосферы с судов. Использование альтернативных топлив и переход на электроснабжение с берега при стоянке таких судов в портах, на оборудованных рейдовых стоянках, а также использование «чистой электроэнергии» для электроснабжения объектов водного транспорта и шельфовой инфраструктуры. Providing remote control of the ship's power plant of an autonomous ship, monitoring process parameters and assessing their technical condition using artificial neuro-fuzzy networks for a marine autonomous surface vessel (MANS). Creation of digital twins and forecasting of the technical condition, modeling of scenarios of changes in the technical condition of ship technical equipment. Modern trends and prospects of ship power plants and their elements in relation to the concept of an autonomous vessel and crewless (pilotless) navigation, incorporating meeting the potential newer requirements / restrictions of international maritime legislation regarding airborne pollutions from ships. The use of alternative fuels and the alternative to marine power technology from the shore when such vessels are moored in ports, at equipped roadsteads, as well as the use of “clean electricity” to supply power to marine transport facilities and offshore infrastructure.