scholarly journals The regional impact of urban emissions on climate over central Europe: present and future emission perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 12993-13013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszár ◽  
Michal Belda ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Petr Pišoft ◽  
Tomáš Halenka
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Regional Impact ◽  
Radiative Impacts ◽  
The Future ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Urban Emissions

Abstract. The regional climate model RegCM4.2 was coupled to the chemistry transport model CAMx, including two-way interactions, to evaluate the regional impact of urban emission from central European cities on climate for present-day (2001–2010) and future (2046–2055) periods, and for the future one only emission changes are considered. Short-lived non-CO2 emissions are considered and, for the future impact, only the emission changes are accounted for (the climate is kept “fixed”). The urban impact on climate is calculated with the annihilation approach in which two experiments are performed: one with all emissions included and one without urban emissions. The radiative impacts of non-CO2 primary and secondary formed pollutants are considered, namely ozone (O3), sulfates (PSO4), nitrates (PNO3), primary organic aerosol and primary elementary carbon (POA and PEC).The validation of the modelling system is limited to key climate parameters, near-surface temperature and precipitation. It shows that the model, in general, underestimates temperature and overestimates precipitation. We attribute this behaviour to an excess of cloudiness/water vapour present in the model atmosphere as a consequence of overpredicted evaporation from the surface.The impact on climate is characterised by statistically significant cooling of up to −0.02 and −0.04 K in winter (DJF) and summer (JJA), mainly over cities. We found that the main contributors to the cooling are the direct and indirect effects of the aerosols, while the ozone titration, calculated especially for DJF, plays rather a minor role. In accordance with the vertical extent of the urban-emission-induced aerosol perturbation, cooling dominates the first few model layers up to about 150 m in DJF and 1000 m in JJA. We found a clear diurnal cycle of the radiative impacts with maximum cooling just after noon (JJA) or later in afternoon (DJF). Furthermore, statistically significant decreases of surface radiation are modelled in accordance with the temperature decrease. The impact on the boundary layer height is small but statistically significant and decreases by 1 and 6 m in DJF and JJA respectively. We did not find any statistically significant impact on precipitation and wind speed. Regarding future emissions, the impacts are, in general, smaller as a consequence of smaller emissions, resulting in smaller urban-induced chemical perturbations.In overall, the study suggest that the non-CO2 emissions play rather a minor role in modulating regional climate over central Europe. Much more important is the direct climate impact of urban surfaces via the urban canopy meteorological effects as we showed earlier.

scholarly journals The regional impact of urban emissions on climate over central Europe: present and future emission perspective

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszár ◽  
Michal Belda ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Petr Pišoft ◽  
Tomáš Halenka
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Regional Impact ◽  
Radiative Impacts ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The regional climate model RegCM4.2 was coupled to the chemistry transport model CAMx, including two-way interactions, to evaluate the regional impact of urban emission from Central European cities on climate for present (2001–2010) and future (2046–2055). Short-lived non-CO2 emissions are considered, and, for the future impact, only the emission changes are accounted for (the climate is kept 'fixed'). The urban impact on climate is calculated with the annihilation approach, when two experiments are performed: one with all emissions included and one without considering urban emissions. The radiative impacts of non-CO2 primary and secondary formed pollutants are considered: namely ozone (O3), sulfates (PSO4), nitrates (PNO3), primary organic and elementary carbon (POA and PEC). The validation of the modeling system is limited to key climate parameters, near surface and precipitation. It shows that the model, in general, under-estimates temperature and overestimates precipitation. We attribute this behavior to too much cloudiness/water vapor present in the model atmosphere as a consequence of over-predicted evaporation from the surface. The impact on climate is characterized by a statistically significant cooling up to −0.02 K and −0.04 K in winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) season, mainly over cities. We found that the main contributor to the cooling is the aerosols direct and indirect effects, while the ozone titration, calculated especially for DJF, plays rather a minor role. In accordance with the vertical extent of the urban emission induced aerosol perturbation, cooling dominates the first few model layers up to about 150 m in DJF and 1000 m in JJA. We found a clear diurnal cycle of the radiative impacts with maximum cooling just after noon (JJA) or later in afternoon (DJF). Furthermore, statistically significant decreases of surface radiation are modeled, in accordance with the temperature decrease. The impact on the boundary later height is small but statistically significant and reaches −1 m and −6 m decreases in DJF and JJA, respectively. We did not find any statistically significant impact on precipitation and wind speed. Considering future emissions, the impacts are, in general, smaller – as a consequence of smaller emissions resulting in smaller urban induced chemical perturbations. In overall, the study suggest that the non-CO2 emissions play rather a minor role in modulating regional climate over central Europe. Much more important is the direct climate impact of urban surfaces trough urban canopy meteorological effects as we showed earlier.

scholarly journals Analysis of Leading Cities in Central Europe: Control of Regional Economy

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Csomós
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Minor ◽  
German Cities ◽  
Visegrad Group

Analysis of Leading Cities in Central Europe: Control of Regional EconomyNowadays, one of the characteristic orientations in social science studies focusing on cities is the ranking of cities, as well as the definition of the world's leading cities (world cities, global cities) on the basis of various criteria. Central European countries are given just a minor role in these researches, particularly in comparison with German cities with their considerable economic performance. This analysis compares the large cities of Austria, Germany and the countries of the Visegrád Group in terms of their role in economic leadership. To this end, the characteristic parameters have been examined: the GDP in purchasing power standards and nominal GDP of the cities, the revenues of large companies found in these cities, as well as the domestic market capitalization of the stock exchanges.

High Hopes

2020 ◽  
pp. 286-301
Author(s):  
Katja Lahikainen ◽  
Timo Pihkala ◽  
Elena Ruskovaara
Keyword(s):  
Regional Policy ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Regional Impact ◽  
Regional Policies ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Lock In ◽  
The University ◽  
Technological University ◽  
Start Ups

The regional impact of entrepreneurial universities is a well-researched topic, but less attention is paid to the expectations of the regional policy institutes toward the university. This chapter investigates the regional policy expectations toward the university and what the influence of the university to these expectations is. This study is based on a technological university case in a peripheral region in Finland. The results of the study show that the existence of a single university leads easily to a university-dominant policy and thus to a regional policy lock-in. Consequently, the implementation of the regional policies can be in the hands of the university, leaving other regional stakeholders with a minor role. In order to fully utilize the potential of the university to address the specific regional challenges, the university should not only be seen as a locus of new spin-offs and start-ups, but rather as a producer of qualified graduates and future entrepreneurs.

Responsibility, rationality, and acceptance: How future users of autonomous driving are constructed in stakeholders’ sociotechnical imaginaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Graf ◽  
Marco Sonnberger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Social Constructions ◽  
Sociotechnical Imaginaries ◽  
The Future ◽  
A Minor

Although autonomous driving is expected to provide a solution for various mobility-related issues, ideas on how the technology will actually unfold are vague. Nevertheless, stakeholders in the field hold expectations about the technology and the future users. With very few exceptions, so far research does not focus on these expectations as social constructions of individuals and publics. In addition, these perceptions play only a minor role in the technology-centered debate. Thus, to bring these perceptions to light and to analyze their implications, we draw on the sociotechnical imaginaries approach to reconstruct stakeholders’ views of future users and publics. We perform a qualitative content analysis and show that imaginaries unfold along the themes of responsibility for the process of driving, rationality in decision-making, and acceptance for emerging technologies. We discuss how the themes relate to each other, what role science plays, and what implications follow from the respective stakeholders’ views.

scholarly journals Technology Trends for Ships and Shipping of Tomorrow

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. Manuscript
Author(s):  
Volker Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Condition Based Maintenance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Ship Building ◽  
The Future ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Ship Operation ◽  
Assisted Technologies ◽  
Technology Trends

The paper discusses key trends in ship design, ship building and ship operation and extrapolate those trends into the future. Fast and unconventional craft will play a minor role only in this scenario. In fact, trends are towards lower speed and simpler hull shapes, wind assisted technologies and propulsion improving devices. Cleaner fuels, most notably LNG, condition-based maintenance, remote instruction and Augmented Reality will support low-crew ships. The proliferation of sensors and increased satellite bandwidth will fundamentally change logistics.

Britain's China Policy and the Communists, 1942 to 1946: The Role of Ambassador Sir Horace Seymour

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Shian Li
Keyword(s):  
Chinese American ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
World War ◽  
China Policy ◽  
The Future ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Second World

British diplomatic contacts with Mao Tze-tung and the communists during the war and immediately after from 1944 to 1946 have remained unresearched by western historians, their significance unrecognized. While Chinese—American relations during the Second World War have attracted wide attention among scholars, many aspects of the Sino-British relationship still remain totally unexamined. This reflects the premise that Britain played only a minor role in shaping Chinese attitudes towards the western powers during the period. In fact, Britain significantly influenced the future of Chinese-Western relations.

scholarly journals Future evolution of aerosols and implications for climate change in the Euro-Mediterranean region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Drugé ◽  
Pierre Nabat ◽  
Marc Mallet ◽  
Samuel Somot
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Future Period ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Natural Aerosols

Abstract. This study investigates, through regional climate modelling, the surface mass concentration and AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) evolution of the various (anthropogenic and natural) aerosols over the Euro-Mediterranean region between the end of the 20th century and the mid-21st century. The direct aerosol radiative forcing (DRF) as well as the future Euro-Mediterranean climate sensitivity to aerosols have been also analysed. Different regional climate simulations were carried out with the CNRM-ALADIN63 regional climate model, driven by the global CNRM-ESM2-1 Earth System Model (used in CMIP6) and coupled to the TACTIC (Tropospheric Aerosols for ClimaTe In CNRM) interactive aerosol scheme. These simulations follow several future scenarios called Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP 1-1.9, SSP 3-7.0 and SSP 5-8.5), which have been chosen to analyse a wide range of possible future scenarios in terms of aerosol or particles precursors emissions. Between the historical and the future period, results show a total AOD decrease between 30 and 40 % over Europe for the three scenarios mainly due to the sulfate AOD decrease (between −85 and −93 %), that is partly offset by the nitrate and ammonium particles AOD increase (between +90 and +120 %). According to these three scenarios, nitrate aerosols become the largest contributor to the total AOD during the future period over Europe, with a contribution between 43.5 and 47.5 %. Concerning natural aerosols, their contribution to the total AOD increases slightly between the two periods. The different evolution of aerosols therefore impacts their DRF, with a significant sulfate DRF decrease by 2.6 W m−2 and a moderate nitrate and ammonium DRF increase by 1.4 W m−2, on average according to the three scenarios over Europe. These changes, which are similar under the different scenarios, explain about 65 % of the annual shortwave radiation change but also about 6 % (in annual average) of the warming expected over Europe by the middle of the century. This study shows, with the SSP 5-8.5, that the extra-warming attributable to the anthropogenic aerosols evolution over Central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula during the summer period is due to aerosol-radiation as well as aerosol-cloud interactions processes. The extra-warming of about 0.2 °C over Central Europe is explained by a surface radiation increase of 5.8 W m−2 over this region, due to both a surface aerosol DRF decrease of 4.4 W m−2 and cloud optical depth (COD) decrease of 1.3. In parallel, the simulated extra-warming of 0.2 °C observed over the Iberian Peninsula is due, as for it, to a COD decrease of 1.3 but also to an atmospheric dynamics change leading to a cloud cover decrease of about 2 % and a drier air in the lower layers, signature of the semi-direct forcing. This study thus highlights the necessity of taking into account the evolution of aerosols in future regional climate simulations.

scholarly journals Transmission and Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2: What We Know and What We Not

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Hiba Sami ◽  
Mohammad Shahid ◽  
Parvez Anwar Khan ◽  
Haris M Khan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Future ◽  
Entire World ◽  
A Minor

Declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, COVID -19 has made it essential for the entire world to control and ensure safety measures for such infections in the future. To take any measures, one must be sure of the route of transmission of the agent causing Pandemic. With so many controversies in its mode of spread, COVID-19 has raised questions for the researchers to confirm its various modes of spread. Many of these modes can be overlooked; it is necessary to emphasize and illustrate them. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the various modes of COVID-19 transmission. According to the published literature, COVID-19 is primarily transmitted from person to person through oral and respiratory aerosols, with droplets from the virus-infected environment playing a minor role in disease transmission. The infection is particularly dangerous for healthcare workers and the elderly with comorbidities.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

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