scholarly journals Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: Transport, source contributions, and budget

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Ikeda ◽  
Hiroshi Tanimoto ◽  
Takafumi Sugita ◽  
Hideharu Akiyoshi ◽  
Yugo Kanaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Middle Troposphere ◽  
Source Contributions ◽  
Range Transport

Abstract. We implemented a tagged tracer method of black carbon (BC) into a global chemistry-transport model GEOS-Chem, examined the pathways and efficiency of long-range transport from a variety of anthropogenic and biomass burning emission sources to the Arctic, and quantified the source contributions of individual emissions. Firstly, we evaluated the simulated BC by comparing it with observations at the Arctic sites and found that the simulated seasonal variations were improved by implementing an aging parameterization and reducing the wet scavenging rate by ice clouds. For tagging BC, we added BC tracers distinguished by source types (anthropogenic and biomass burning) and regions; the global domain was divided into 16 and 27 regions for anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, respectively. Our simulations showed that BC emitted from Europe and Russia was transported to the Arctic mainly in the lower troposphere during winter and spring. In particular, BC transported from Russia was widely spread over the Arctic in winter and spring, leading to a dominant contribution of 62 % to the Arctic BC near the surface as the annual mean. In contrast, BC emitted from East Asia was found to be transported in the middle troposphere into the Arctic mainly over the Okhotsk Sea and East Siberia during winter and spring. We identified an important window area, which allowed a strong incoming of East Asian BC to the Arctic (130°–180° E and 3–8 km altitude at 66° N). The model demonstrated that the contribution from East Asia to the Arctic had a maximum at about 5 km altitude due to uplifting during the long-range transport in early spring. The efficiency of BC transport from East Asia to the Arctic was smaller than that from other large source regions such as Europe, Russia and North America. However, the East Asian contribution was most important for BC in the middle troposphere (41 %) and BC burden over the Arctic (27 %) because of the large emissions from this region. These results suggested that the main sources of the Arctic BC differed with altitude. The contribution of all the anthropogenic sources to Arctic BC concentrations near the surface was dominant (90 %) on an annual basis. The contributions of biomass burning in boreal regions (Siberia, Alaska and Canada) to the annual total BC deposition onto the Arctic were estimated to be 12–15 %, which became the maximum during summer.

scholarly journals Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 10515-10533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Ikeda ◽  
Hiroshi Tanimoto ◽  
Takafumi Sugita ◽  
Hideharu Akiyoshi ◽  
Yugo Kanaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Middle Troposphere ◽  
Source Contributions ◽  
Range Transport

Abstract. We implemented a tagged tracer method of black carbon (BC) into a global chemistry transport model, GEOS-Chem, examined the pathways and efficiency of long-range transport from a variety of anthropogenic and biomass burning emission sources to the Arctic, and quantified the source contributions of individual emissions. Firstly, we evaluated the simulated BC by comparing it with observations at the Arctic sites and examined the sensitivity of an aging parameterization and wet scavenging rate by ice clouds. For tagging BC, we added BC tracers distinguished by source types (anthropogenic and biomass burning) and regions; the global domain was divided into 16 and 27 regions for anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, respectively. Our simulations showed that BC emitted from Europe and Russia was transported to the Arctic mainly in the lower troposphere during winter and spring. In particular, BC transported from Russia was widely spread over the Arctic in winter and spring, leading to a dominant contribution of 62 % to the Arctic BC near the surface as the annual mean. In contrast, BC emitted from East Asia was found to be transported in the middle troposphere into the Arctic mainly over the Sea of Okhotsk and eastern Siberia during winter and spring. We identified an important window area, which allowed a strong incoming of East Asian BC to the Arctic (130–180° E and 3–8 km of altitude at 66° N). The model demonstrated that the contribution from East Asia to the Arctic had a maximum at about 5 km of altitude due to uplifting during long-range transport in early spring. The efficiency of BC transport from East Asia to the Arctic was lower than that from other large source regions such as Europe, Russia, and North America. However, the East Asian contribution was the most important for BC in the middle troposphere (41 %) and the BC burden over the Arctic (27 %) because of the large emissions from this region. These results suggested that the main sources of Arctic BC differed with altitude. The contribution of all the anthropogenic sources to Arctic BC concentrations near the surface was dominant (90 %) on an annual basis. The contributions of biomass burning in boreal regions (Siberia, Alaska, and Canada) to the annual total BC deposition onto the Arctic were estimated to be 12–15 %, which became the maximum during summer.

scholarly journals Tropospheric CO vertical profiles measured by IAGOS aircraft in 2002–2017 and the role of biomass burning

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Hervé Petetin ◽  
Bastien Sauvage ◽  
Mark Parrington ◽  
Hannah Clark ◽  
Alain Fontaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
South India ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Range Transport

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This study investigates the role of biomass burning and long-range transport in the anomalies of carbon monoxide (CO) regularly observed along the tropospheric vertical profiles measured in the framework of IAGOS. Considering the high interannual variability of biomass burning emissions and the episodic nature of pollution long-range transport, one strength of this study is the amount of data taken into account, namely 30,000 vertical profiles at 9 clusters of airports in Europe, North America, Asia, India and southern Africa over the period 2002&amp;ndash;2017. </p> <p> As a preliminary, a brief overview of the spatio-temporal variability, latitudinal distribution, interannual variability and trends of biomass burning CO emissions from 14 regions is provided. The distribution of CO mixing ratios at different levels of the troposphere is also provided based on the entire IAGOS database (125 million CO observations). </p> <p> This study focuses on the free troposphere (altitudes above 2<span class="thinspace"></span>km) where the long-range transport of pollution is favoured. Anomalies at a given airport cluster are here defined as departures from the local seasonally-averaged climatological vertical profile. The intensity of these anomalies varies significantly depending on the airport, with maximum (minimum) CO anomalies of 110&amp;ndash;150 (48)<span class="thinspace"></span>ppbv in Asia (Europe). Looking at the seasonal variation of the frequency of occurrence, the 25<span class="thinspace"></span>% strongest CO anomalies appears reasonably well distributed along the year, in contrast to the 5<span class="thinspace"></span>% or 1<span class="thinspace"></span>% strongest anomalies that exhibit a strong seasonality with for instance more frequent anomalies during summertime in northern United-States, during winter/spring in Japan, during spring in South-east China, during the non-monsoon seasons in south-east Asia and south India, and during summer/fall at Windhoek, Namibia. Depending on the location, these strong anomalies are observed in different parts of the free troposphere. </p> <p> In order to investigate the role of biomass burning emissions in these anomalies, we used the SOFT-IO v1.0 IAGOS added-value products that consist of FLEXPART 20-days backward simulations along all IAGOS aircraft trajectories, coupled with anthropogenic (MACCity) and biomass burning (GFAS) CO emission inventories and vertical injections. SOFT-IO estimates the contribution (in ppbv) of the recent (less than 20 days) primary worldwide CO emissions, tagged per source region. Biomass burning emissions are found to play an important role in the strongest CO anomalies observed at most airport clusters. The regional tags indicate a large contribution from boreal regions at airport clusters in Europe and North America during summer season. In both Japan and south India, the anthropogenic emissions dominate all along the year, except for the strongest summertime anomalies observed in Japan that are due to Siberian fires. The strongest CO anomalies at airport clusters located in south-east Asia are induced by fires burning during spring in south-east Asia and during fall in equatorial Asia. In southern Africa, the Windhoek airport was mainly impacted by fires in southern hemisphere Africa and South America. </p> <p> To our knowledge, no other studies have used such a large dataset of in situ vertical profiles for deriving a climatology of the impact of biomass burning versus anthropogenic emissions on the strongest CO anomalies observed in the troposphere, in combination with information on the source regions. This study therefore provides both qualitative and quantitative information for interpreting the highly variable CO vertical distribution in several regions of interest.</p>

scholarly journals Modelling of long-range transport of Southeast Asia biomass-burning aerosols to Taiwan and their radiative forcings over East Asia

Tellus B ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 23733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan-Yao Lin ◽  
Chun Zhao ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Neng-Huei Lin ◽  
Wei-Nei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Range Transport

scholarly journals Evaluating the influences of biomass burning during 2006 BASE-ASIA: a regional chemical transport modeling

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3837-3855 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Fu ◽  
N. C. Hsu ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
K. Huang ◽  
C. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. To evaluate the impact of biomass burning from Southeast Asia to East Asia, this study conducted numerical simulations during NASA's 2006 Biomass-burning Aerosols in South-East Asia: Smoke Impact Assessment (BASE-ASIA). Two typical episode periods (27–28 March and 13–14 April) were examined. Two emission inventories, FLAMBE and GFED, were used in the simulations. The influences during two episodes in the source region (Southeast Asia) contributed to the surface CO, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations as high as 400 ppbv, 20 ppbv and 80 μg m−3, respectively. The perturbations with and without biomass burning of the above three species during the intense episodes were in the range of 10 to 60%, 10 to 20% and 30 to 70%, respectively. The impact due to long-range transport could spread over the southeastern parts of East Asia and could reach about 160 to 360 ppbv, 8 to 18 ppbv and 8 to 64 μg m−3 on CO, O3 and PM2.5, respectively; the percentage impact could reach 20 to 50% on CO, 10 to 30% on O3, and as high as 70% on PM2.5. In March, the impact of biomass burning mainly concentrated in Southeast Asia and southern China, while in April the impact becomes slightly broader and even could go up to the Yangtze River Delta region. Two cross-sections at 15° N and 20° N were used to compare the vertical flux of biomass burning. In the source region (Southeast Asia), CO, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations had a strong upward transport from surface to high altitudes. The eastward transport becomes strong from 2 to 8 km in the free troposphere. The subsidence process during the long-range transport contributed 60 to 70%, 20 to 50%, and 80% on CO, O3 and PM2.5, respectively to surface in the downwind area. The study reveals the significant impact of Southeastern Asia biomass burning on the air quality in both local and downwind areas, particularly during biomass burning episodes. This modeling study might provide constraints of lower limit. An additional study is underway for an active biomass burning year to obtain an upper limit and climate effects.

scholarly journals Evaluating the influences of biomass burning during 2006 BASE-ASIA: a regional chemical transport modeling

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 32205-32243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Fu ◽  
N. C. Hsu ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
K. Huang ◽  
C. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. To evaluate the impact of biomass burning from Southeast Asia to East Asia, this study conducted numerical simulations during NASA's 2006 Biomass-burning Aerosols in South-East Asia: Smoke Impact Assessment (BASE-ASIA). Two typical episode periods (27–28 March and 13–14 April) were examined. Two emission inventories, FLAMBE and GFED, were used in the simulations. The influences during two episodes in the source region (Southeast Asia) contributed to the surface CO, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations as high as 400 ppbv, 20 ppbv and 80 μg m−3, respectively. The perturbations with and without biomass burning of the above three species during the intense episodes were in the range of 10 to 60%, 10 to 20% and 30 to 70%, respectively. The impact due to long-range transport could spread over the southeastern parts of East Asia and could reach about 160 to 360 ppbv, 8 to 18 ppbv and 8 to 64 μg m−3 on CO, O3 and PM2.5, respectively; the percentage impact could reach 20 to 50% on CO, 10 to 30% on O3, and as high as 70% on PM2.5. In March, the impact of biomass burning was mainly concentrated in Southeast Asia and Southern China, while in April the impact becomes slightly broader, potentially including the Yangtze River Delta region. Two cross-sections at 15° N and 20° N were used to compare the vertical flux of biomass burning. In the source region (Southeast Asia), CO, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations had a strong upward transport from surface to high altitudes. The eastward transport becomes strong from 2 to 8 km in the free troposphere. The subsidence process during the long-range transport contributed 60 to 70%, 20 to 50%, and 80% to CO, O3 and PM2.5, respectively to surface in the downwind area. The study reveals the significant impact of Southeastern Asia biomass burning on the air quality in both local and downwind areas, particularly during biomass burning episodes. This modeling study might provide lower limit constraints. An additional study is underway for an active biomass burning year to obtain an upper limit and climate effects.

scholarly journals Insights into the aging of biomass burning aerosol from satellite observations and 3D atmospheric modeling: Evolution of the aerosol optical properties in Siberian wildfire plumes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor B. Konovalov ◽  
Nikolai A. Golovushkin ◽  
Matthias Beekmann ◽  
Meinrat O. Andreae
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Smoke Plumes ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Aerosol Aging

Abstract. Long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) aerosol from regions affected by wildfires is known to have a significant impact on the radiative balance and air quality in receptor regions, including the Arctic. However, the atmospheric evolution of the optical properties of BB aerosol during the long-range transport events is insufficiently understood, limiting the adequacy of representations of the aerosol processes in chemistry transport and climate models. Here we introduce a framework to infer and interpret changes of the optical properties of BB aerosol from satellite observations of multiple BB plumes. Our framework includes (1) a procedure for analysis of available satellite retrievals of the absorption and extinction aerosol optical depths (AAOD and AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) as a function of the BB aerosol photochemical age, and (2) a representation of the AAOD and AOD evolution with a chemistry transport model (CTM) involving a simplified volatility basis set (VBS) scheme with a few adjustable parameters. We apply this framework to analyze a large-scale outflow of BB smoke plumes from Siberia toward Europe that occurred in July 2016. We use AAOD and SSA data derived from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite measurements in the near-UV range along with 550 nm AOD and carbon monoxide (CO) columns retrieved from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) satellite observations, respectively, to infer changes in the optical properties of Siberian BB aerosol due to its atmospheric aging and to get insights into the processes underlying these changes. Using the satellite data in combination with simulated data from the CHIMERE CTM, we evaluate the enhancement ratios (EnR) that allow isolating AAOD and AOD changes due to oxidation and gas-particle partitioning processes from those due to other processes, including transport, deposition, and wet scavenging. The behavior of EnRs for AAOD and AOD is then characterized using nonlinear trend analysis. It is found that the EnR for AOD strongly increases (by about a factor of 2) during the first 20–30 hours of the analyzed evolution period, whereas the EnR for AAOD does not exhibit a statistically significant increase during this period. The increase in AOD is accompanied by a statistically significant enhancement of SSA. Further BB aerosol aging (up to several days) is associated with a strong decrease of EnRs for both AAOD and AOD. Our simulations constrained by the observations indicate that the upward trends in EnR for AOD and in SSA are mainly due to atmospheric processing of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), leading to an increase in the mass scattering efficiency of BB aerosol. Evaporation and chemical fragmentation of the SOA species, part of which is assumed to be absorptive (to contain brown carbon), are identified as a likely reason for the subsequent decrease of the EnR for both AAOD and AOD. Hence, our analysis reveals that the long-range transport of smoke plumes from Siberian fires is associated with major changes in BB aerosol optical properties and chemical composition. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using available satellite observations for evaluating and improving representations in atmospheric models of the BB aerosol aging processes in different regions of the world at much larger temporal scales than those typically addressed in aerosol chamber experiments.

scholarly journals Source apportionment and impact of long-range transport on carbonaceous aerosol particles in central Germany during HCCT-2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 3667-3684
Author(s):  
Laurent Poulain ◽  
Benjamin Fahlbusch ◽  
Gerald Spindler ◽  
Konrad Müller ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Central Germany ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Local Emissions

Abstract. The identification of different sources of the carbonaceous aerosol (organics and black carbon) was investigated at a mountain forest site located in central Germany from September to October 2010 to characterize incoming air masses during the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 (HCCT-2010) experiment. The near-PM1 chemical composition, as measured by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 41 %) followed by sulfate (19 %) and nitrate (18 %). Source apportionment of the OA fraction was performed using the multilinear engine (ME-2) approach, resulting in the identification of the following five factors: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 3 % of OA mass), biomass burning OA (BBOA; 13 %), semi-volatile-like OA (SV-OOA; 19 %), and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors. The more oxidized OOA (MO-OOA, 28 %) was interpreted as being influenced by aged, polluted continental air masses, whereas the less oxidized OOA (LO-OOA, 37 %) was found to be more linked to aged biogenic sources. Equivalent black carbon (eBC), measured by a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP) represented 10 % of the total particulate matter (PM). The eBC was clearly associated with HOA, BBOA, and MO-OOA factors (all together R2=0.83). Therefore, eBC's contribution to each factor was achieved using a multi-linear regression model. More than half of the eBC (52 %) was associated with long-range transport (i.e., MO-OOA), whereas liquid fuel eBC (35 %) and biomass burning eBC (13 %) were associated with local emissions, leading to a complete apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol. The separation between local and transported eBC was well supported by the mass size distribution of elemental carbon (EC) from Berner impactor samples. Air masses with the strongest marine influence, based on back trajectory analysis, corresponded with a low particle mass concentration (6.4–7.5 µg m−3) and organic fraction (≈30 %). However, they also had the largest contribution of primary OA (HOA ≈ 4 % and BBOA 15 %–20 %), which was associated with local emissions. Continental air masses had the highest mass concentration (11.4–12.6 µg m−3), and a larger fraction of oxygenated OA (≈45 %) indicated highly processed OA. The present results emphasize the key role played by long-range transport processes not only in the OA fraction but also in the eBC mass concentration and the importance of improving our knowledge on the identification of eBC sources.

scholarly journals Source apportionment and impact of long-range transport on carbonaceous aerosol particles in Central Germany during HCCT-2010

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Poulain ◽  
Benjamin Fahlbusch ◽  
Gerald Spindler ◽  
Konrad Müller ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Central Germany ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Local Emissions

Abstract. The identification of different sources of the carbonaceous aerosol (organics and black carbon) was investigated at a mountain forest site located in central Germany from September to October 2010 to characterize incoming air masses during the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 (HCCT-2010) experiment. The near-PM1 chemical composition, as measured by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), was dominated by organics (OA, 41 %), followed by sulfate (19 %) and nitrate (18 %). Source apportionment of the OA fraction was performed using the Multilinear Engine approach (ME-2), resulting in the identification of five factors: Hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, 3 % of OA mass), biomass burning OA (BBOA, 13 %), semi-volatile-like OA (SVOOA, 19 %), and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors. The more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA, 28 %) was interpreted as being influenced by aged polluted continental air masses, whereas the less-oxidized OOA (LO-OOA, 37 %) was found to be more linked to aged biogenic sources. Equivalent black carbon (eBC) measured by a multi-angle absorption photometer, MAAP, represented 10 % of the total PM. The eBC was clearly associated with the three factors HOA, BBOA, and MO-OOA (all together R2 = 0.83). Therefore, eBC's contribution to each factor was achieved using a multi-linear regression model. More than half of the eBC (52 %) was associated with long-range transport (i.e. MO-OOA), whereas liquid fuel eBC (35 %) and biomass burning eBC (13 %) were associated with local emissions leading to a complete apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol. The separation between local and transported eBC was well supported by the mass size distribution of elemental carbon (EC) from Berner-impactor samples. Air masses with the strongest marine influence based on back trajectory analysis corresponded with a low particle mass concentration (6.4–7.5 µg m−3) and organic fraction (&amp;approx; 30 %). However, they also had the largest contribution of primary OA (HOA &amp;approx; 4 % and BBOA 15–20 %), which was associated with local emissions. Continental air masses had the highest mass concentration (11.4–12.6 µg m−3) and a larger fraction of oxygenated OA (&amp;approx; 45 %) indicated highly processed OA. The present results emphasize the key role played by long-range transport processes not only on the OA fraction but also on the eBC mass concentration and the importance of improving our knowledge on the identification of eBC sources.

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