scholarly journals Global impact of road traffic emissions on tropospheric ozone

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1707-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Matthes ◽  
V. Grewe ◽  
R. Sausen ◽  
G.-J. Roelofs
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Traffic Emissions ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Road Traffic Emissions ◽  
Ozone Distribution ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Road traffic is one of the major anthropogenic emission sectors for NOx, CO and NMHCs (non-methane hydrocarbons). We applied ECHAM4/CBM, a general circulation model coupled to a chemistry module, which includes higher hydrocarbons, to investigate the global impact of 1990 road traffic emissions on the atmosphere. Improving over previous global modelling studies, which concentrated on road traffic NOx and CO emissions only, we assess the impact of NMHC emissions from road traffic. It is revealed that NMHC emissions from road traffic play a key role for the impact on ozone. They are responsible for (indirect) long-range transport of NOx from road traffic via the formation of PAN, which is not found in a simulation without NMHC emissions from road traffic. Long-range transport of NMHC-induced PAN impacts on the ozone distribution in Northern Hemisphere regions far away from the sources, especially in arctic and remote maritime regions. In July total road traffic emissions (NOx, CO and NMHCs) contribute to the zonally averaged ozone distribution by more than 12% near the surface in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and arctic latitudes. In January road traffic emissions contribute near the surface in northern and southern extratropics more than 8%. Sensitivity studies for regional emission show that effective transport of road traffic emissions occurs mainly in the free troposphere. In tropical latitudes of America up to an altitude of 200 hPa, global road traffic emissions contribute about 8% to the ozone concentration. In arctic latitudes NMHC emissions from road transport are responsible for about 90% of PAN increase from road transport, leading to a contribution to ozone concentrations of up to 15%.

scholarly journals Global impact of road traffic emissions on tropospheric ozone

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 10339-10367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Matthes ◽  
V. Grewe ◽  
R. Sausen ◽  
G.-J. Roelofs
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Emissions ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Road Traffic Emissions ◽  
Ozone Distribution ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Road traffic is one of the major anthropogenic emission sectors for NOx, CO and NMHCs (non-methane hydrocarbons). We applied ECHAM4/CBM, a general circulation model coupled to a chemistry module, which includes higher hydrocarbons, to investigate the global impact of road traffic emissions on the atmosphere. Improving over previous global modelling studies, which concentrated on road traffic NOx and CO-emissions only, we assess the impact of NMHC-emissions from road traffic. It is revealed that NMHC-emissions from road traffic play a key role for the impact on ozone. They are responsible for (indirect) long-range transport of NOx from road traffic via the formation of PAN, which is not found in a simulation without NMHC emissions from road traffic. Long-range transport of NMHC-induced PAN impacts on the ozone distribution in northern hemisphere regions far away from the sources, especially in Arctic and remote maritime regions. There, during subsidence, PAN acts as a source for NOx, caused by thermal decay. Hence, ozone is produced. In July total road traffic emissions (NOx, CO and NMHCs) contribute to the zonally averaged ozone distribution by more than 12% near the surface in the northern hemisphere midlatitudes and arctic latitudes. In January road traffic emissions contribute near the surface in northern and southern extratropics more than 8%. Sensitivity studies for regional emission show that effective transport of road traffic emissions occurs mainly in the free troposphere. In tropical latitudes of America up to an altitude of 200 hPa, global road traffic emissions contribute about 4% to the ozone concentration.

scholarly journals Long-range Transport Impacts on Surface Aerosol Concentrations and the Contributions to Haze Events in China: an HTAP2 Multi-Model Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Dong ◽  
Joshua S. Fu ◽  
Qingzhao Zhu ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Jiani Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Anthropogenic Emission ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Aerosol Mass Concentration ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Haze has been severely affecting the densely populated areas in China during recent years. While many of the pilot studies have been devoted to investigate the contributions from local anthropogenic emission, limited attention has been paid to the influence from long-range transport. In this study, we use simulations from 6 participating models supplied through the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 (HTAP2) exercise to investigate the long-range transport impact of Europe and Russia/Belarussia/Ukraine on the surface air quality in East Asia, with special focus on their contributions during the haze episodes over China. The impact of 20 % anthropogenic emission perturbation from the source region is extrapolated by a factor of 5 to estimate the full impact. We find that the full impacts from EUR and RBU are 0.99 µg/m3 (3.1 %) and 1.32 µg/m3 (4.1 %) respectively during haze episodes, while the annual averaged full impacts are only 0.35 µg m3 (1.7 %) and 0.53 µg/m3 (2.6 %) respectively. By estimating the aerosol response within and above the planetary boundary layer (PBL), we find that long-range transport within the PBL contributes to 22–38 % of the total column density of aerosol response. Comparison with the HTAP Phase 1 (HTAP1) assessment reveals that from 2000 to 2010, the long-range transport from Europe to East Asia has decreased significantly by a factor of 2–10 for surface aerosol mass concentration due to the simultaneous emission reduction in source region and emission increase in the receptor region. By investigating the visibility response, we find that the long-range transport from the Europe and RBU region increases the number of haze events in China by 0.15 % and 0.11 % respectively, and the North China Plain and southeast China receives 1–3 extra haze days. This study is the first investigation into the contribution of long-range transport to haze in China with multiple model experiments.

scholarly journals Long-Range Transport Influence on Key Chemical Components of PM2.5 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, during the Years 2012–2016

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhan Bae ◽  
Byeong-Uk Kim ◽  
Hyun Cheol Kim ◽  
Chul Yoo ◽  
Soontae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Component Ratio ◽  
Seoul Metropolitan Area ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

This study identified the key chemical components based on an analysis of the seasonal variations of ground level PM2.5 concentrations and its major chemical constituents (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, and elemental carbon) in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), over a period of five years, ranging from 2012 to 2016. It was found that the mean PM2.5 concentration in the SMA was 33.7 μg/m3, while inorganic ions accounted for 53% of the total mass concentration. The component ratio of inorganic ions increased by up to 61%–63% as the daily mean PM2.5 concentration increased. In spring, nitrate was the dominant component of PM2.5, accounting for 17%–32% of the monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations. In order to quantify the impact of long-range transport on the SMA PM2.5, a set of sensitivity simulations with the community multiscale air-quality model was performed. Results show that the annual averaged impact of Chinese emissions on SMA PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 41% to 44% during the five years. Chinese emissions’ impact on SMA nitrate ranged from 50% (winter) to 67% (spring). This result exhibits that reductions in SO2 and NOX emissions are crucial to alleviate the PM2.5 concentration. It is expected that NOX emission reduction efforts in China will help decrease PM2.5 concentrations in the SMA.

scholarly journals Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France)

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 8813-8839 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bressi ◽  
J. Sciare ◽  
V. Ghersi ◽  
N. Mihalopoulos ◽  
J.-E. Petit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Range Transport

Abstract. The present study aims at identifying and apportioning fine aerosols to their major sources in Paris (France) – the second most populated "larger urban zone" in Europe – and determining their geographical origins. It is based on the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 examined over 1 year at an urban background site of Paris (Bressi et al., 2013). Positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF3.0) was used to identify and apportion fine aerosols to their sources; bootstrapping was performed to determine the adequate number of PMF factors, and statistics (root mean square error, coefficient of determination, etc.) were examined to better model PM2.5 mass and chemical components. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and conditional probability function (CPF) allowed the geographical origins of the sources to be assessed; special attention was paid to implement suitable weighting functions. Seven factors, namely ammonium sulfate (A.S.)-rich factor, ammonium nitrate (A.N.)-rich factor, heavy oil combustion, road traffic, biomass burning, marine aerosols and metal industry, were identified; a detailed discussion of their chemical characteristics is reported. They contribute 27, 24, 17, 14, 12, 6 and 1% of PM2.5 mass (14.7 μg m−3) respectively on the annual average; their seasonal variability is discussed. The A.S.- and A.N.-rich factors have undergone mid- or long-range transport from continental Europe; heavy oil combustion mainly stems from northern France and the English Channel, whereas road traffic and biomass burning are primarily locally emitted. Therefore, on average more than half of PM2.5 mass measured in the city of Paris is due to mid- or long-range transport of secondary aerosols stemming from continental Europe, whereas local sources only contribute a quarter of the annual averaged mass. These results imply that fine-aerosol abatement policies conducted at the local scale may not be sufficient to notably reduce PM2.5 levels at urban background sites in Paris, suggesting instead more coordinated strategies amongst neighbouring countries. Similar conclusions might be drawn in other continental urban background sites given the transboundary nature of PM2.5 pollution.

scholarly journals IASI nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) retrievals: validation and application to transport studies at daily time scales

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Kangah ◽  
Philippe Ricaud ◽  
Jean-Luc Attié ◽  
Naoko Saitoh ◽  
Jérôme Vidot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to present a method to retrieve nitrous oxide (N2O) vertical profiles from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the MetOp platform. We retrieved N2O profiles using IASI clear sky radiances in 2 spectral bands: B1 and B2 centered at ∼ 1280 cm−1 and ∼ 2220 cm−1, respectively. Both retrievals in B1 and B2 (hereafter referred to as N2O_B1 and N2O_B2, respectively) are sensitive to the mid-to-upper troposphere with a maximum of sensitivity at around 309 hPa. The degrees of freedom for N2O_B1 and N2O_B2 are 1.38 and 0.93, respectively. We validated the retrievals using the High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO). The comparisons between HIPPO and the two retrieved datasets show relatively low standard deviation errors around 1.5 % (∼ 4.8 ppbv) and 1.0 % (∼ 3.2 ppbv) for N2O_B1 and N2O_B2, respectively. However, the impact of H2O contamination on N2O_B1 due to its strong absorption bands in B1 significantly degrades the quality of the retrievals in tropical regions. We analysed the scientific consistency of the retrievals at 309 hPa with a focus on the long-range transport of N2O especially during the Asian summer monsoon. Over the mid-latitude regions, both variations of N2O_B1 and N2O_B2 at 309 hPa are influenced by the stratospheric N2O-depleted air because of the relative coarse shape of the averaging kernel. The analysis of N2O_B2 using results from backtrajectories exhibits the capacity of these retrievals to capture long-range transport of air masses from Asia to northern Africa via the summer monsoon anticyclone on a daily basis. Thus, N2O_B1 and N2O_B2 offer an unprecedented possibility to study global upper tropospheric N2O on a daily basis.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Long-range transport patterns into the tropical northwest Pacific during the CAMP<sup>2</sup>Ex aircraft campaign: chemical composition, size distributions, and the impact of convection

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 3777-3802
Author(s):  
Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario ◽  
Ewan Crosbie ◽  
Michael Shook ◽  
Jeffrey S. Reid ◽  
Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Transport Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The tropical Northwest Pacific (TNWP) is a receptor for pollution sources throughout Asia and is highly susceptible to climate change, making it imperative to understand long-range transport in this complex aerosol-meteorological environment. Measurements from the NASA Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex; 24 August to 5 October 2019) and back trajectories from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) were used to examine transport into the TNWP from the Maritime Continent (MC), peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), East Asia (EA), and the West Pacific (WP). A mid-campaign monsoon shift on 20 September 2019 led to distinct transport patterns between the southwest monsoon (SWM; before 20 September) and monsoon transition (MT; after 20 September). During the SWM, long-range transport was a function of southwesterly winds and cyclones over the South China Sea. Low- (high-) altitude air generally came from MC (PSEA), implying distinct aerosol processing related to convection and perhaps wind shear. The MT saw transport from EA and WP, driven by Pacific northeasterly winds, continental anticyclones, and cyclones over the East China Sea. Composition of transported air differed by emission source and accumulated precipitation along trajectories (APT). MC air was characterized by biomass burning tracers while major components of EA air pointed to Asian outflow and secondary formation. Convective scavenging of PSEA air was evidenced by considerable vertical differences between aerosol species but not trace gases, as well as notably higher APT and smaller particles than other regions. Finally, we observed a possible wet scavenging mechanism acting on MC air aloft that was not strictly linked to precipitation. These results are important for understanding the transport and processing of air masses with further implications for modeling aerosol lifecycles and guiding international policymaking to public health and climate, particularly during the SWM and MT.

scholarly journals The Saharan Aerosol Long-Range Transport and Aerosol–Cloud-Interaction Experiment: Overview and Selected Highlights

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadett Weinzierl ◽  
A. Ansmann ◽  
J. M. Prospero ◽  
D. Althausen ◽  
N. Benker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Interaction Experiment ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract North Africa is the world’s largest source of dust, a large part of which is transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean and beyond where it can impact radiation and clouds. Many aspects of this transport and its climate effects remain speculative. The Saharan Aerosol Long-Range Transport and Aerosol–Cloud-Interaction Experiment (SALTRACE; www.pa.op.dlr.de/saltrace) linked ground-based and airborne measurements with remote sensing and modeling techniques to address these issues in a program that took place in 2013/14. Specific objectives were to 1) characterize the chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of dust in the Caribbean, 2) quantify the impact of physical and chemical changes (“aging”) on the radiation budget and cloud microphysical processes, 3) investigate the meteorological context of transatlantic dust transport, and 4) assess the roles of removal processes during transport. SALTRACE was a German-led initiative involving scientists from Europe, Cabo Verde, the Caribbean, and the United States. The Falcon research aircraft of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), equipped with a comprehensive aerosol and wind lidar payload, played a central role. Several major dust outbreaks were studied with 86 h of flight time under different conditions, making it by far the most extensive investigation on long-range transported dust ever made. This article presents an overview of SALTRACE and highlights selected results including data from transatlantic flights in coherent air masses separated by more than 4,000-km distance that enabled measurements of transport effects on dust properties. SALTRACE will improve our knowledge on the role of mineral dust in the climate system and provide data for studies on dust interactions with clouds, radiation, and health.

scholarly journals Contribution of emissions to concentrations: the TAGGING 1.0 submodel based on the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy 2.52)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2615-2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Grewe ◽  
Eleni Tsati ◽  
Mariano Mertens ◽  
Christine Frömming ◽  
Patrick Jöckel
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Traffic Emissions ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Road Traffic Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Questions such as what is the contribution of road traffic emissions to climate change? or what is the impact of shipping emissions on local air quality? require a quantification of the contribution of specific emissions sectors to the concentration of radiatively active species and air-quality-related species, respectively. Here, we present a diagnostics package, implemented in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy), which keeps track of the contribution of source categories (mainly emission sectors) to various concentrations. The diagnostics package is implemented as a submodel (TAGGING) of EMAC (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts – Hamburg (ECHAM)/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry). It determines the contributions of 10 different source categories to the concentration of ozone, nitrogen oxides, peroxyacytyl nitrate, carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl radicals ( =  tagged tracers). The source categories are mainly emission sectors and some other sources for completeness. As emission sectors, road traffic, shipping, air traffic, anthropogenic non-traffic, biogenic, biomass burning, and lightning are considered. The submodel obtains information on the chemical reaction rates, online emissions, such as lightning, and wash-out rates. It then solves differential equations for the contribution of a source category to each of the seven tracers. This diagnostics package does not feed back to any other part of the model. For the first time, it takes into account chemically competing effects: for example, the competition between NOx, CO, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the production and destruction of ozone. We show that the results are in-line with results from other tagging schemes and provide plausibility checks for concentrations of trace gases, such as OH and HO2, which have not previously been tagged. The budgets of the tagged tracers, i.e. the contribution from individual source categories (mainly emission sectors) to, e.g., ozone, are only marginally sensitive to changes in model resolution, though the level of detail increases. A reduction in road traffic emissions by 5 % shows that road traffic global tropospheric ozone is reduced by 4 % only, because the net ozone productivity increases. This 4 % reduction in road traffic tropospheric ozone corresponds to a reduction in total tropospheric ozone by  ≈  0.3 %, which is compensated by an increase in tropospheric ozone from other sources by 0.1 %, resulting in a reduction in total tropospheric ozone of  ≈  0.2 %. This compensating effect compares well with previous findings. The computational costs of the TAGGING submodel are low with respect to computing time, but a large number of additional tracers are required. The advantage of the tagging scheme is that in one simulation and at every time step and grid point, information is available on the contribution of different emission sectors to the ozone budget, which then can be further used in upcoming studies to calculate the respective radiative forcing simultaneously.

scholarly journals Evaluating the influences of biomass burning during 2006 BASE-ASIA: a regional chemical transport modeling

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3837-3855 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Fu ◽  
N. C. Hsu ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
K. Huang ◽  
C. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. To evaluate the impact of biomass burning from Southeast Asia to East Asia, this study conducted numerical simulations during NASA's 2006 Biomass-burning Aerosols in South-East Asia: Smoke Impact Assessment (BASE-ASIA). Two typical episode periods (27–28 March and 13–14 April) were examined. Two emission inventories, FLAMBE and GFED, were used in the simulations. The influences during two episodes in the source region (Southeast Asia) contributed to the surface CO, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations as high as 400 ppbv, 20 ppbv and 80 μg m−3, respectively. The perturbations with and without biomass burning of the above three species during the intense episodes were in the range of 10 to 60%, 10 to 20% and 30 to 70%, respectively. The impact due to long-range transport could spread over the southeastern parts of East Asia and could reach about 160 to 360 ppbv, 8 to 18 ppbv and 8 to 64 μg m−3 on CO, O3 and PM2.5, respectively; the percentage impact could reach 20 to 50% on CO, 10 to 30% on O3, and as high as 70% on PM2.5. In March, the impact of biomass burning mainly concentrated in Southeast Asia and southern China, while in April the impact becomes slightly broader and even could go up to the Yangtze River Delta region. Two cross-sections at 15° N and 20° N were used to compare the vertical flux of biomass burning. In the source region (Southeast Asia), CO, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations had a strong upward transport from surface to high altitudes. The eastward transport becomes strong from 2 to 8 km in the free troposphere. The subsidence process during the long-range transport contributed 60 to 70%, 20 to 50%, and 80% on CO, O3 and PM2.5, respectively to surface in the downwind area. The study reveals the significant impact of Southeastern Asia biomass burning on the air quality in both local and downwind areas, particularly during biomass burning episodes. This modeling study might provide constraints of lower limit. An additional study is underway for an active biomass burning year to obtain an upper limit and climate effects.

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