scholarly journals Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
pp. 5061-5079 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lauer ◽  
V. Eyring ◽  
J. Hendricks ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
U. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Aerosol Optical Thickness ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
International Shipping

Abstract. International shipping contributes significantly to the fuel consumption of all transport related activities. Specific emissions of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) per kg of fuel emitted are higher than for road transport or aviation. Besides gaseous pollutants, ships also emit various types of particulate matter. The aerosol impacts the Earth's radiation budget directly by scattering and absorbing the solar and thermal radiation and indirectly by changing cloud properties. Here we use ECHAM5/MESSy1-MADE, a global climate model with detailed aerosol and cloud microphysics to study the climate impacts of international shipping. The simulations show that emissions from ships significantly increase the cloud droplet number concentration of low marine water clouds by up to 5% to 30% depending on the ship emission inventory and the geographic region. Whereas the cloud liquid water content remains nearly unchanged in these simulations, effective radii of cloud droplets decrease, leading to cloud optical thickness increase of up to 5–10%. The sensitivity of the results is estimated by using three different emission inventories for present-day conditions. The sensitivity analysis reveals that shipping contributes to 2.3% to 3.6% of the total sulfate burden and 0.4% to 1.4% to the total black carbon burden in the year 2000 on the global mean. In addition to changes in aerosol chemical composition, shipping increases the aerosol number concentration, e.g. up to 25% in the size range of the accumulation mode (typically >0.1 μm) over the Atlantic. The total aerosol optical thickness over the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Northeastern Pacific increases by up to 8–10% depending on the emission inventory. Changes in aerosol optical thickness caused by shipping induced modification of aerosol particle number concentration and chemical composition lead to a change in the shortwave radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere (ToA) under clear-sky condition of about −0.014 W/m² to −0.038 W/m² for a global annual average. The corresponding all-sky direct aerosol forcing ranges between −0.011 W/m² and −0.013 W/m². The indirect aerosol effect of ships on climate is found to be far larger than previously estimated. An indirect radiative effect of −0.19 W/m² to −0.60 W/m² (a change in the atmospheric shortwave radiative flux at ToA) is calculated here, contributing 17% to 39% of the total indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols. This contribution is high because ship emissions are released in regions with frequent low marine clouds in an otherwise clean environment. In addition, the potential impact of particulate matter on the radiation budget is larger over the dark ocean surface than over polluted regions over land.

scholarly journals Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 9419-9464 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lauer ◽  
V. Eyring ◽  
J. Hendricks ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
U. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Aerosol Optical Thickness ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Aerosol Effect ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. International shipping contributes significantly to the fuel consumption of all transport related activities. Specific emissions of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) per kg of fuel emitted are higher than for road transport or aviation. Besides gaseous pollutants, ships also emit various types of particulate matter. The aerosol impacts the Earth's radiation budget directly by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation and indirectly by changing cloud properties. Here we use ECHAM5/MESSy1-MADE, a global climate model with detailed aerosol and cloud microphysics, to show that emissions from ships significantly increase the cloud droplet number concentration of low maritime water clouds. Whereas the cloud liquid water content remains nearly unchanged in these simulations, effective radii of cloud droplets decrease, leading to cloud optical thickness increase up to 5–10%. The sensitivity of the results is estimated by using three different emission inventories for present day conditions. The sensitivity analysis reveals that shipping contributes with 2.3% to 3.6% to the total sulfate burden and 0.4% to 1.4% to the total black carbon burden in the year 2000. In addition to changes in aerosol chemical composition, shipping increases the aerosol number concentration, e.g. up to 25% in the size range of the accumulation mode (typically >0.1 μm) over the Atlantic. The total aerosol optical thickness over the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Northeastern Pacific increases up to 8–10% depending on the emission inventory. Changes in aerosol optical thickness caused by the shipping induced modification of aerosol particle number concentration and chemical composition lead to a change of the net top of the atmosphere (ToA) clear sky radiation of about −0.013 W/m2 to −0.036 W/m2 on global annual average. The estimated all-sky direct aerosol effect calculated from these changes ranges between −0.009 W/m2 and −0.014 W/m2. The indirect aerosol effect of ships on climate is found to be far larger than previously estimated. An indirect radiative effect of −0.19 W/m2 to −0.6 W/m2 (change of the top of the atmosphere shortwave radiative flux) is calculated here, contributing 17% to 39% to the total indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols. This contribution is high because ship emissions are released in regions with frequent low marine clouds in an otherwise clean environment. In addition, the potential impact of particulate matter on the radiation budget is larger over the dark ocean surface than over polluted regions over land.

A method to estimate concentrations of surface-level particulate matter using satellite-based aerosol optical thickness

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1422-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
JinHua Tao ◽  
MeiGen Zhang ◽  
LiangFu Chen ◽  
ZiFeng Wang ◽  
Lin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Aerosol Optical Thickness ◽  
Surface Level

scholarly journals Determination of particulate matter vertical columns using satellite observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1027-1055
Author(s):  
A. A. Kokhanovsky ◽  
A. S. Prikhach ◽  
I. L. Katsev ◽  
E. P. Zege
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Aerosol Optical Thickness ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Size Of Particles ◽  
Cloudless Atmosphere

Abstract. A new technique to retrieve the particulate matter vertical columns from spaceborne observations is described. The method is based on the measurements of the spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT). The spectral slope of the derived aerosol optical thickness is used to infer the size of particles, which is needed (along with the absolute value of AOT) to determine corresponding vertical columns. The technique is applied to the case of a cloudless atmosphere over Germany and results are compared with ground-based observations.

scholarly journals Satellite Mapping of PM2.5 Episodes in the Wintertime San Joaquin Valley: A "Static" Model Using Column Water Vapor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Chatfield ◽  
Meytar Sorek-Hamer ◽  
Robert F. Esswein ◽  
Alexei Lyapustin
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Optical Thickness ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Aerosol Optical Thickness ◽  
Satellite Mapping

Abstract. The use of satellite Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) from imaging spectrometers has been successful in quantifying and mapping high PM2.5 (particulate matter mass

A New Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3 (CAM3). Part II: Single-Column and Global Results

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 3660-3679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gettelman ◽  
H. Morrison ◽  
S. J. Ghan
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Cloud Particle ◽  
Microphysics Scheme ◽  
Community Atmosphere Model ◽  
Single Column ◽  
Rain Drops

Abstract The global performance of a new two-moment cloud microphysics scheme for a general circulation model (GCM) is presented and evaluated relative to observations. The scheme produces reasonable representations of cloud particle size and number concentration when compared to observations, and it represents expected and observed spatial variations in cloud microphysical quantities. The scheme has smaller particles and higher number concentrations over land than the standard bulk microphysics in the GCM and is able to balance the top-of-atmosphere radiation budget with 60% the liquid water of the standard scheme, in better agreement with retrieved values. The new scheme diagnostically treats both the mixing ratio and number concentration of rain and snow, and it is therefore able to differentiate the two key regimes, consisting of drizzle in shallow, warm clouds and larger rain drops in deeper cloud systems. The modeled rain and snow size distributions are consistent with observations.

scholarly journals A number-based inventory of particle emissions by civil aviation and the influences on the particle number concentration near Zurich airport

10.29007/fqt3 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaole Zhang ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Luchi Zhang ◽  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Particle Number Concentration ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
The Road

With the rapidly growing global air traffic, the impacts of the particulate matter (PM) in the aviation exhaust on climate, environment and public health are likely rising. The particle number and size distribution are crucial metrics for toxicological analysis and aerosol-cloud interactions. The modern aircraft engines are characterized by decreasing levels of mass emissions of particulate matter, leading to little contribution to the mass concentration. However, the abundant ultrafine particles in the aviation exhaust with diameters less than 100 nm may significantly increase the particle number concentration (PNC). Here we will introduce our recent studies on utilizing the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) from OpenSky network to develop the black carbon (BC) particle number emission inventory for global civil aviation and to investigate the influences of aviation emissions on the particle number concentration near Zurich airport.The developed inventory indicated that the BC particle number emission was approximately (10.9±2.1)×1025 per year with an average emission index of (6.06±1.18)×1014 per kg of burned fuel, which was about 1.3% of the total ground anthropogenic emissions, and 3.6% of the road transport emission.The preliminary dispersion results showed that the number concentration of volatile particles emitted by aviation was about 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of non-volatile particles. The annual mean contributions of the Zurich airport to the particle number concentrations ranged from about 105 cm-3 at the airport entrance to about 103 cm-3 at ETH Honggerberg (about 6 km away). There were about 1000 hours per year for the investigated locations to have more than 1000 cm-3 from the airport, with medians of about 104 cm-3.The OpenSky network ADS-B database provides a new opportunity to estimate the aviation emission using the detailed flight trajectory data. The dataset will contribute to reducing the uncertainties in the development of emission inventory, and improve the air quality simulation in the vicinities of airports.

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