scholarly journals A multi-decadal history of biomass burning plume heights identified using aerosol index measurements

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Guan ◽  
R. Esswein ◽  
J. Lopez ◽  
R. Bergstrom ◽  
A. Warnock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Fire Plume ◽  
Data Set ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aerosol Index

Abstract. We have quantified the relationship between Aerosol Index (AI) measurements and plume height for young biomass burning plumes using coincident OMI and CALIPSO measurements. This linear relationship allows the determination of high-altitude plumes wherever AI data are available, and it provides a data set for validating global fire plume injection heights in chemistry transport models. We find that all plumes detected from June 2006 to February 2009 with an AI value ≥9 are located at altitudes higher than 5 km. Older high-altitude plumes have lower AI values than young plumes at similar altitudes. We have examined available AI data from the OMI and TOMS instruments (1978–2009) and find that large AI plumes occur more frequently over North America than over Australia or Russia/Northeast Asia. According to the derived relationship, during this time interval, 181 plumes reached altitudes above 8 km. One hundred and thirty-two had injection heights ≥8 km but below 12 km, and 49 were lofted to 12 km or higher, including 14 plumes injected above 16 km.

scholarly journals A multi-decadal history of biomass burning plume heights identified using aerosol index measurements

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 6461-6469 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Guan ◽  
R. Esswein ◽  
J. Lopez ◽  
R. Bergstrom ◽  
A. Warnock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Fire Plume ◽  
Data Set ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerosol Index

Abstract. We have quantified the relationship between Aerosol Index (AI) measurements and plume height for young biomass burning plumes using coincident Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements. This linear relationship allows the determination of high-altitude plumes wherever AI data are available, and it provides a data set for validating global fire plume heights in chemistry transport models. We find that all plumes detected from June 2006 to February 2009 with an AI value ≥9 are located at altitudes higher than 5 km. Older high-altitude plumes have lower AI values than young plumes at similar altitudes. We have examined available AI data from the OMI and TOMS instruments (1978–2009) and find that large AI plumes occur more frequently over North America than over Australia or Russia/Northeast Asia. According to the derived relationship, during this time interval, 181 plumes, in various stages of their evolution, reached altitudes above 8 km.

scholarly journals Ukraine in the history of the movement for the conservation of geological heritage in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Volodymyr V. Manyuk ◽  
Olesia V. Bondar ◽  
Oleh V. Yaholnyk
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Geological Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First Nature

The paper focuses on the history of the movement for preservation of geological heritage of Ukraine, closely related to the history of geoconservation in Europe; determines the relationship of the extent of geodiversity and geological structure of a certain country, political system, historical traditions and attitude towards wildlife and inanimate nature. Despite the fact that geodiversity and biodiversity have always been in parallel, traditionally all nations in all the continents have focused more on the preservation of so-called wildlife. The article describes that preservation of the so-called inanimate nature; provides a rather sufficient analysis of literature sources which report on the problem of preserving bio- and geodiversity not only in Ukraine, but also in other countries of Europe. In particular, the combination of biotic and abiotic constituents of nature proved to be an essential aspect in determining the place of the world`s first nature reserve and location of an important centre of Buddhism in Mihintale, Sri Lanka. The start of the movement for preservation of so-called inanimate nature in Europe could, with a certain extent of possibility, be considered the first historical written mention of the subject, which was declared in the 10th Chapter of Third Statute of Lithuania in 1588. That is protection of rivers against artificial change of their banks, change in currents and preservation of large erratic boulders. As an important stage of the beginning of the movement for preservation of the so-called inanimate, can be considered the year 1668, when in Germany the Baumannshöhle cave was preserved. It was first mentioned in the literature in 1565, and in 1646 the cave became an object of tourism. During the analysis of the historical stage related to the movement ProGEO, we emphasizes international events in which the representatives of the Ukrainian ProGEO group took part. Active work of the Ukrainian ProGEO group created conditions for transition to a new level of geoconservation, i.e. determination of the possibility of creating a new category of objects of the Nature-Reserve fund of Ukraine – geological parks (geoparks) as important locations for the development of geotourism and territories of complex conservation of the natural environment.

Abstract 49: Blood Pressure is Correlated with Arterial Stiffness in Previous Preterm Preeclamptics

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Hale ◽  
Carole McBride ◽  
Ira M Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Nulliparous Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Artery Flow ◽  
Flow Waveforms ◽  
The Relationship

Blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness are known to be correlated and have independent value in assessing risk for future cardiovascular disease. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between arterial stiffness, as measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), and BP, in nulliparous women (CTL) as compared to women with a history of preterm preeclampsia (PE). Twenty-eight nulliparous women and 19 PEs were evaluated during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. There were no differences in age: CTL: 30.9 ± 0.9 vs. PE: 31.3 ± 1.1 yrs, p = 0.78. BMI was significantly lower in CTL: 24.4 ± 1.1 vs. PE: 28.5 ± 1.6 kg/m 2 , p = 0.02. Time interval from delivery to evaluation in PE was 2.46 ± 0.29 yrs. PWV was measured using simultaneous electrocardiographic tracings and ultrasound determined arterial flow waveforms and calculated as the estimated distance divided by the time interval between EKG r-wave peak and ultrasound derived peak popliteal artery flow. Beat to beat BPs were measured in the seated position using the Finapres Pro and averaged over one minute. The data are expressed as mean ± SE. P < 0.05 accepted for significance. MAP was significantly lower in CTLs than in PEs: 87.7 ± 1.4 vs PE: 94.4 ± 2.4, p = 0.02. There was no difference in PWV between CTL and PE: CTL: 2.51 ± 0.05, PE: 2.52 ± 0.06, p = 0.88. Pulse pressure was significantly correlated with PWV in PEs, but not in CTLs, CTL: r = 0.26, p = 0.18, PE: r = 0.54, p = 0.02. Systolic BP was significantly correlated in both CTL and PE with PWV: CTL: r = 0.43, p = 0.02, PE: r = 0.53, p = 0.02. There was a trend for a significant positive correlation between diastolic BP and PWV in the PE group, but not in the CTL: r = 0.11, p = 0.57, PE: r = 0.44, p = 0.06. The same trend existed in the PE for MAP and PWV: CTL: r = 0.27, p = 0.17, PE: 0.44, p = 0.06. For women who have had previous PE, a significant relationship exists between BP and arterial stiffness, while women who have not had a pregnancy do not exhibit this relationship. Pregnancy likely unmasks subclinical cardiovascular derangement resulting in PE, and persisting years beyond delivery. Our observations suggest that for women who have had prior PE evaluating the relationship between arterial stiffness and BP may be more informative for cardiovascular risk than assessing PWV alone.

Determination of Optimal Clusters Using a Genetic Algorithm

2008 ◽  
pp. 98-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar ◽  
Tushar ◽  
Shibendu Shekhar Roy ◽  
Dilip Kumar Pratihar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fcm Algorithm ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Relationship

Clustering is a potential tool of data mining. A clustering method analyzes the pattern of a data set and groups the data into several clusters based on the similarity among themselves. Clusters may be either crisp or fuzzy in nature. The present chapter deals with clustering of some data sets using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm and Entropy-based Fuzzy Clustering (EFC) algorithm. In FCM algorithm, the nature and quality of clusters depend on the pre-defined number of clusters, level of cluster fuzziness and a threshold value utilized for obtaining the number of outliers (if any). On the other hand, the quality of clusters obtained by the EFC algorithm is dependent on a constant used to establish the relationship between the distance and similarity of two data points, a threshold value of similarity and another threshold value used for determining the number of outliers. The clusters should ideally be distinct and at the same time compact in nature. Moreover, the number of outliers should be as minimum as possible. Thus, the above problem may be posed as an optimization problem, which will be solved using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The best set of multi-dimensional clusters will be mapped into 2-D for visualization using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM).

scholarly journals Employment Adjustments on the Internal and External Labour Market – An Empirical Study with Personnel Records of a German Company

2009 ◽  
Vol 229 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Gerlach ◽  
Olaf Hübler
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Job Change ◽  
Product Demand ◽  
Employment Adjustment ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

SummaryFirms are affected by the product demand. This leads to employment adjustments. In the literature we find only very few contributions investigating the issue whether internal adjustments are linked and which relationships exist with external adjustments. Are they of a complementary or substitutive nature? Furthermore, it is of interest to find out, whether we can observe an obvious trend and whether the adjustments are driven by cyclical movements.For this study we have an extensive data set of a large German manufacturing company, which supplies innovative products for the domestic and international market, provided on amonthly base from January 1999 to December 2005. The empirical analysis starts with descriptive statistics. We find that the employment adjustment cycle coincides only to a certain degree with the macroeconomic cycle. Internal and external adjustments are more characterized by complementarity than by substitution. Over the observed period we cannot detect analogous wage adjustments. It is noticeable that in 2003 compared with the years before the number of employees is substantially reduced. The econometric investigation is based on a two-stage approach. We start with a bivariate probit estimation in order to extract the relationship between the probability of overtime and of promotion. Unobserved variables have opposite effects on the former and the latter adjustment instrument. Furthermore, we detect a negative trend of internal employment adjustments. Cyclical effects are ambiguous. The next step, the determination of external adjustments with respect to overtime and promotion adjustments, is split into two estimates. On the one hand we do not distinguish between the type of external employment adjustment and on the other hand we use this information separating between quits, layoffs, workers with a cancellation agreement and with a transition into a transfer organisation. The first approach demonstrates that a promotion reduces the probability to leave the firm while overtime is positively associated with an external job change. This pattern holds generally speaking in the second, more detailed estimates. Quits are the exception. In this case we observe opposite effects. Finally, we cannot detect any influences of promotions on cancellation agreements.

scholarly journals The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) II: Uncovering the most metal-poor populations in the inner Milky Way

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (4) ◽  
pp. 4964-4978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Arentsen ◽  
Else Starkenburg ◽  
Nicolas F Martin ◽  
David S Aguado ◽  
Daniel B Zucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milky Way ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Horizontal Branch Stars ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Metallicity

ABSTRACT Metal-poor stars are important tools for tracing the early history of the Milky Way, and for learning about the first generations of stars. Simulations suggest that the oldest metal-poor stars are to be found in the inner Galaxy. Typical bulge surveys, however, lack low metallicity ($\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -1.0$) stars because the inner Galaxy is predominantly metal-rich. The aim of the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) is to study the metal-poor and very metal-poor (VMP, $\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -2.0$) stars in this region. In PIGS, metal-poor targets for spectroscopic follow-up are selected from metallicity-sensitive CaHK photometry from the CFHT. This work presents the ∼250 deg2 photometric survey as well as intermediate-resolution spectroscopic follow-up observations for ∼8000 stars using AAOmega on the AAT. The spectra are analysed using two independent tools: ULySS with an empirical spectral library, and FERRE with a library of synthetic spectra. The comparison between the two methods enables a robust determination of the stellar parameters and their uncertainties. We present a sample of 1300 VMP stars – the largest sample of VMP stars in the inner Galaxy to date. Additionally, our spectroscopic data set includes ∼1700 horizontal branch stars, which are useful metal-poor standard candles. We furthermore show that PIGS photometry selects VMP stars with unprecedented efficiency: 86 per cent/80 per cent (lower/higher extinction) of the best candidates satisfy $\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -2.0$, as do 80 per cent/63 per cent of a larger, less strictly selected sample. We discuss future applications of this unique data set that will further our understanding of the chemical and dynamical evolution of the innermost regions of our Galaxy.

Correlation of decentralization and economic growth in the regions of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Korotina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Regional Component ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Federal Center

The understanding the processes of decentralization of the economy in a federal state as one of the possible sources of economic development. This understanding requires the revision of the implications that the formation and implementation of a policy of relations between the federal center and the regions entails. The goal of our present research is to develop an approach that will help assess the impact of the nature of relations between the federal center and the regions on economic growth. The theoretical and methodological basis of this study is formed by a set of scientific concepts in the field of economic federalism and spatial analysis. Basing on the index method (by determining the values of decentralization of regional incomes and expenditures) and the implementation of positioning, an assessment was made of the relationship between decentralization and economic growth by such a resulting parameter of the development of the territory as the “growth rate of the gross regional product” and the parameter characterizing the development of federalism relations in the country as “the level of economic decentralization”. According of the calculations we prove there is a positive effect of decentralization processes on regional economic growth in the analyzed time interval. There is a greater impact on the processes of decentralization of the indicator of income decentralization compared to the decentralization of expenses. The results of our research can be used in the work of federal authorities in the formation of the regional component of federalism policy. It seems the proposed approach can basis of research related to the determination of the main directions of relations between regions and municipalities.

Physics and Metrology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Olesko
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Issues ◽  
The Relationship

This article traces the history of the relationship between physics and metrology, or physical metrology. It first examines how metrology became a part of the concerns of historians of science, and particularly physics, citing the work of Alexandre Koyré, Thomas Kuhn, and Witold Kula. It then describes various approaches to physics and metrology, focusing on the construction of a standard of length based on the seconds pendulum and the determination of the unit of electrical resistance. It also discusses broader historical issues in physics and metrology, including labour practices in physics, physics pedagogy, long-term processes of modernity (bureaucratization, industrialization, and the construction of empires), and the moral and ethical connotations of standards of measure. It shows that moral values became intertwined with metrology, especially in the British context.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KERAPATAN MANGROVE TERHADAP LAJU SEDIMENTASI DI DESA BEDONO DEMAK (The Effect of Mangrove Density on Sedimentation Rate in Bedono Village, Demak)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-545
Author(s):  
Yuni Harvesty Sihombing ◽  
Max Rudolf Muskananfola ◽  
Churun A’in
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Sediment Traps ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation ◽  
Mangrove Roots ◽  
The Relationship

Mangrove di kawasan perairan Bedono, Kecamatan Sayung, Demak dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya melalui alih fungsi lahan mangrove menjadi tambak, permukiman, industri, dan penebangan oleh masyarakat untuk berbagai kepentingan, sehingga mengurangi daya tangkap akar mangrove sebagai pemerangkap sedimen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kerapatan mangrove terhadap laju sedimentasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada April 2017 di kawasan hutan mangrove Desa Bedono. Penentuan lokasi sampling dilakukan dengan melakukan beberapa kali observasi/studi pendahuluan. Observasi dilakukan dengan cara mencari tiga stasiun vegetasi mangrove dengan kerapatan yang berbeda yaitu rapat, sedang dan jarang. Pada tiap-tiap stasiun terdapat 3 titik pengambilan sampel. Pengambilan ­sampel dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali dengan interval waktu 2 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju sedimentasi paling tinggi terdapat pada stasiun I titik 3 dengan nilai rata-rata 30,935 mg/cm2/hari dimana pada lokasi ini memiliki kerapatan mangrove yang paling rendah yaitu 600 pohon/ha sedangkan nilai laju sedimentasi paling rendah terdapat pada stasiun III titik 2 dengan nilai rata-rata 4,891 mg/cm2/hari dimana pada lokasi ini memiliki kerapatan paling tinggi yaitu 3100 pohon/ha. Hubungan kerapatan mangrove dan laju sedimentasi menunjukkan korelasi negatif sebesar -0.842 artinya ketika kerapatan mangrove tinggi maka laju sedimentasi akan rendah dan sebaliknya ketika kerapatan mangrove rendah maka laju sedimentasi akan tinggi. Mangrove in the area of Bedono waters, Sayung District, Demak are utilized by the society to fulfill their life needs through land mangrove conversion into ponds, settlement, industry, and logging by the society for various purposes, thereby reducing the mangrove roots capability as a sediment traps. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of mangrove density on sedimentation rate. The research was conducted in April 2017 in the mangrove forest area of Bedono Village. Determination of sampling location was done by conducting some initial observation. Observation was done by searching three mangrove vegetation stations with different density is high, medium and rare density. In each station there are 3 points of sampling. Samples were collected three times in 2 weeks time interval. The results showed that the highest sedimentation rate was found at station I point 3 with the average value of 30.935 mg/cm2/day where at this location has the lowest mangrove density of 600 trees/ha while the lowest sedimentation rate was found at station III Point 2 with the average value of 4.891 mg/cm2/day where at this location has the highest density of 3100 trees/ha. The relationship between mangrove density and sedimentation rate exhibits a negative correlation of -0,842 this means that when the mangrove density is high then the sedimentation rate will be low and otherwise when the mangrove density is low then the sedimentation rate will be high.  

scholarly journals Ancient Hybridization with an Unknown Population Facilitated High-Altitude Adaptation of Canids

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2616-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Shan Wang ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yadvendradev Jhala ◽  
Mukesh Thakur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Genetic Introgression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Altitude Adaptation

Abstract Genetic introgression not only provides material for adaptive evolution but also confounds our understanding of evolutionary history. This is particularly true for canids, a species complex in which genome sequencing and analysis has revealed a complex history of admixture and introgression. Here, we sequence 19 new whole genomes from high-altitude Tibetan and Himalayan wolves and dogs and combine these into a larger data set of 166 whole canid genomes. Using these data, we explore the evolutionary history and adaptation of these and other canid lineages. We find that Tibetan and Himalayan wolves are closely related to each other, and that ∼39% of their nuclear genome is derived from an as-yet-unrecognized wolf-like lineage that is deeply diverged from living Holarctic wolves and dogs. The EPAS1 haplotype, which is present at high frequencies in Tibetan dog breeds and wolves and confers an adaptive advantage to animals living at high altitudes, was probably derived from this ancient lineage. Our study underscores the complexity of canid evolution and demonstrates how admixture and introgression can shape the evolutionary trajectories of species.

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