scholarly journals The mathematical principles and design of the NAIS – a spectrometer for the measurement of cluster ion and nanometer aerosol size distributions

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirme ◽  
A. Mirme
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Neutral Cluster ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Spectrum Deconvolution

Abstract. The paper describes the Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS) – a multichannel aerosol instrument capable of measuring the distribution of ions (charged particles and cluster ions) of both polarities in the electric mobility range from 3.2 to 0.0013 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the distribution of aerosol particles in the size range from 2.0 to 40 nm. We introduce the principles of design, data processing and spectrum deconvolution of the instrument.

scholarly journals The mathematical principles and design of the NAIS – a spectrometer for the measurement of cluster ion and nanometer aerosol size distributions

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 7405-7434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirme ◽  
A. Mirme
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Spectrum Deconvolution

Abstract. The paper describes the Nanometer aerosol and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS) – a multi-channel aerosol instrument capable of measuring the distribution of ions (charged particles and cluster ions) of both polarities in the electric mobility range from 3.2 to 0.0013 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the distribution of aerosol particles in the size range from 2.0 to 40 nm. We introduce the principles of design, data processing and spectrum deconvolution of the instrument.

scholarly journals Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hirsikko ◽  
T. Bergman ◽  
L. Laakso ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
I. Riipinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Aerosol Particle ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Air Ions ◽  
Charged Aerosol ◽  
Positively Charged

Abstract. We have measured the size distributions of air ions (0.42–7.5 nm in diameter) with the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer in boreal forest, in Southern Finland since spring 2003. The size range covers the size range of cluster ions (approximately 0.42–1.6 nm) and naturally charged nanometre aerosol particles (1.6–7.5 nm) or intermediate air ions. Based on the measurements from April 2003 to March 2006 we studied the characteristics of charged aerosol particle formation by classifying each day either as a particle formation event, undefined or non-event day. The principal of the classification, as well as the statistical description of the charged aerosol particle formation events are given. We found in total 270 (26% of the analysed days) and 226 (22% of the analysed days) particle formation days for negative and positive intermediate ions, respectively. For negatively charged particles we classified 411 (40% of the analysed days) undefined and 348 (34% of the analysed days) non-event days whereas for positively charged particles 343 (33% of the analysed days) undefined and 460 (45% of the analysed days) non-event days. The results were compared with the ordinary classification based on the Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) measurements carried out at the same place. The above-presented values differed slightly from that found from the DMPS data, with a lower particle diameter of 3 nm. In addition, we have found the rain-induced intermediate ion bursts frequently. The rain effect was detected on 163 days by means of negative ions and on 105 days by positive ones. Another interesting phenomenon among the charged aerosol particles was the appearance and existence of intermediate ions during the snowfall. We observed this phenomenon 24 times with negatively charged particles and 21 times with positively charged ones during winter months (October–April). These intermediate air ions were seen during the snowfall and may be caused by ice crystals, although the origin of these intermediate ions is unclear at the moment.

scholarly journals Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 9187-9212
Author(s):  
A. Hirsikko ◽  
T. Bergman ◽  
L. Laakso ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
I. Riipinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Aerosol Particle ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Air Ions ◽  
Charged Aerosol ◽  
Positively Charged

Abstract. We have measured the size distributions of air ions (0.42–7.5 nm in diameter) with the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer in boreal forest, in Southern Finland since spring 2003. The size range covers the size range of cluster ions (approximately 0.42–1.6 nm) and naturally charged nanometre aerosol particles (1.6–7.5 nm) or intermediate air ions. Based on the measurements from April 2003 to March 2006 we studied the characteristics of charged aerosol particle formation by classifying each day either as a particle formation event, undefined or non-event day. The principal of the classification, as well as the statistical description of the charged aerosol particle formation events are given. We found in total 269 and 226 particle formation days for negative and positive intermediate ions, respectively. For negatively charged particles we classified 411 undefined and 349 non-event days whereas for positively charged particles 342 undefined and 461 non-event days. The results were compared with the ordinary classification based on Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) measurements carried out at the same place. The above-presented values differed slightly from that found from the DMPS data, with a lower particle diameter of 3 nm. In addition, we have found the rain-induced intermediate ion bursts frequently. The rain effect was detected on 163 days by means of negative ions and on 104 days by positive ones. Another interesting phenomenon among the charged aerosol particles was the appearance and existence of intermediate ions during the snowfall. We observed this phenomenon 24 times with negatively charged particles and 21 times with positively charged ones during winter months (October–April). These intermediate air ions were seen during the snowfall and may be caused by ice crystals, although the origin of these intermediate ions is unclear at the moment.

scholarly journals Configuration of the Martian dust rings: shapes, densities, and size distributions from direct integrations of particle trajectories

2020 ◽  
Vol 500 (3) ◽  
pp. 2979-2985
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Liu ◽  
Jürgen Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Solar Radiation Pressure ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Gravitational Perturbations ◽  
Ring Configuration ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Configuration Simulation ◽  
Fifth Order

ABSTRACT It is expected since the early 1970s that tenuous dust rings are formed by grains ejected from the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos by impacts of hypervelocity interplanetary projectiles. In this paper, we perform direct numerical integrations of a large number of dust particles originating from Phobos and Deimos. In the numerical simulations, the most relevant forces acting on the dust are included: Martian gravity with spherical harmonics up to fifth degree and fifth order, gravitational perturbations from the Sun, Phobos, and Deimos, solar radiation pressure, as well as the Poynting–Robertson drag. In order to obtain the ring configuration, simulation results of various grain sizes ranging from submicrometres to 100 μm are averaged over a specified initial mass distribution of ejecta. We find that for the Phobos ring grains smaller than about 2 μm are dominant; while the Deimos ring is dominated by dust in the size range of about 5–20 μm. The asymmetries, number densities, and geometric optical depths of the rings are quantified from simulations. The results are compared with the upper limits of the optical depth inferred from Hubble observations. We compare to previous work and discuss the uncertainties of the models.

Size distributions of sea-source aerosol particles: A physical explanation of observed nearshore versus open-sea differences

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 (D12) ◽  
pp. 14850 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sievering ◽  
J. Boatman ◽  
L. Gunter ◽  
H. Horvath ◽  
D. Wellman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Open Sea

scholarly journals Inhalers and nebulizers: basic principles and preliminary measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 02068
Author(s):  
Ondrej Misik ◽  
Frantisek Lizal ◽  
Vahid Farhikhteh Asl ◽  
Miloslav Belka ◽  
Jan Jedelsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Care ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Inhaled Particles ◽  
Human Airways ◽  
Inhaled Medication

Inhalers are hand-held devices which are used for administration of therapeutic aerosols via inhalation. Nebulizers are larger devices serving for home and hospital care using inhaled medication. This contribution describes the basic principles of dispersion of aerosol particles used in various types of inhalers and nebulizers, and lists the basic physical mechanisms contributing to the deposition of inhaled particles in the human airways. The second part of this article presents experimental setup, methodology and preliminary results of particle size distributions produced by several selected inhalers and nebulizers.

SPUTTERING WITH GAS CLUSTER-ION BEAMS

1996 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 1017-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MATSUO ◽  
M. AKIZUKI ◽  
J. NORTHBY ◽  
G.H. TAKAOKA ◽  
I. YAMADA
Keyword(s):  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Silicon Surfaces ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Mass Filter ◽  
Cluster Bombardment ◽  
Cluster Ion Beams ◽  
Cluster Ion

A high-current (~100 nA) cluster-ion-beam equipment with a new mass filter has been developed to study the energetic cluster-bombardment effects on solid surfaces. A dramatic reduction of Cu concentration on silicon surfaces has been achieved by 20-keV Ar cluster (N~3000) ion bombardment. The removal rate of Cu with cluster ions is two orders of magnitude higher than that with monomer ions. A significantly higher sputtering yield is expected for cluster-ion irradiation. An energetic cluster-ion beam is quite suitable for removal of metal.

Energy Distributions of Secondary Charged Particles Sputtered by Gas Cluster Ions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Ieshkin ◽  
A. A. Tatarintsev ◽  
D. S. Kireev ◽  
V. I. Bachurin ◽  
A. S. Rudyi
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Energy Distributions

scholarly journals Laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAPTOF): performance, reference spectra and classification of atmospheric samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2325-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Shen ◽  
Ramakrishna Ramisetty ◽  
Claudia Mohr ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Thomas Leisner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Aerosol Particle ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Polystyrene Latex ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometer

Abstract. The laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAPTOF, AeroMegt GmbH) is able to identify the chemical composition and mixing state of individual aerosol particles, and thus is a tool for elucidating their impacts on human health, visibility, ecosystem, and climate. The overall detection efficiency (ODE) of the instrument we use was determined to range from  ∼  (0.01 ± 0.01) to  ∼  (4.23 ± 2.36) % for polystyrene latex (PSL) in the size range of 200 to 2000 nm,  ∼  (0.44 ± 0.19) to  ∼  (6.57 ± 2.38) % for ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and  ∼  (0.14 ± 0.02) to  ∼  (1.46 ± 0.08) % for sodium chloride (NaCl) particles in the size range of 300 to 1000 nm. Reference mass spectra of 32 different particle types relevant for atmospheric aerosol (e.g. pure compounds NH4NO3, K2SO4, NaCl, oxalic acid, pinic acid, and pinonic acid; internal mixtures of e.g. salts, secondary organic aerosol, and metallic core–organic shell particles; more complex particles such as soot and dust particles) were determined. Our results show that internally mixed aerosol particles can result in spectra with new clusters of ions, rather than simply a combination of the spectra from the single components. An exemplary 1-day ambient data set was analysed by both classical fuzzy clustering and a reference-spectra-based classification method. Resulting identified particle types were generally well correlated. We show how a combination of both methods can greatly improve the interpretation of single-particle data in field measurements.

A New Type of Cluster-Ion Source for Thin Film Deposition

1990 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellmut Haberland ◽  
Martin Karrais ◽  
Martin Mall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Impact ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
Impact Ionisation ◽  
Aggregation Technique ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACTAtoms are gas discharge sputtered from a solid target. They are condensed to form clusters using the gas aggregation technique. An intense beam of clusters of all solid materials can be obtained. Up to 80 % of the clusters can be ionised without using additional electron impact ionisation. Total deposition rates vary between 1 and 1000 Å per second depending on cluster diameter, which can be varied between 3 and 500 nm. Thin films of Al, Cu, and Mo have been produced so far. For non accelerated beams a weakly adhering mostly coulored deposit is obtained. Accelerating the cluster ions this changes to a strongly adhering film, having a shiny metallic appearance, and a very sharp and plane surface as seen in an electron microscope. The advantages compared to Kyoto ICB-method are: easy control of the cluster size, no electron impact ionisation, high degree of ionisation, and sputtering is used instead of thermal evaporation, which allows the use of high melting point materials.

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