scholarly journals Sea surface temperature as a proxy for convective gravity wave excitation: a study based on global gravity wave observations in the middle atmosphere

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1373-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Jia ◽  
P. Preusse ◽  
M. Ern ◽  
H.-Y. Chun ◽  
J. C. Gille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Gravity Wave ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
Global Gravity ◽  
Ray Tracing Simulation

Abstract. Absolute values of gravity wave momentum flux (GWMF) deduced from satellite measurements by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument and the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) are correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) with the aim of identifying those oceanic regions for which convection is a major source of gravity waves (GWs). Our study identifies those latitude bands where high correlation coefficients indicate convective excitation with confidence. This is based on a global ray-tracing simulation, which is used to delineate the source and wind-filtering effects. Convective GWs are identified at the eastern coasts of the continents and over the warm water regions formed by the warm ocean currents, in particular the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio. Potential contributions of tropical cyclones to the excitation of the GWs are discussed. Convective excitation can be identified well into the mid-mesosphere. In propagating upward, the centers of GWMF formed by convection shift poleward. Some indications of the main forcing regions are even shown for the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT).

scholarly journals Interannual Variability and Trends in Sea Surface Temperature, Lower and Middle Atmosphere Temperature at Different Latitudes for 1980–2019

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Jakovlev ◽  
Sergei P. Smyshlyaev ◽  
Vener Y. Galin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Impact

The influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) on the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere temperature in the tropical, middle, and polar latitudes is studied for 1980–2019 based on the MERRA2, ERA5, and Met Office reanalysis data, and numerical modeling with a chemistry-climate model (CCM) of the lower and middle atmosphere. The variability of SST is analyzed according to Met Office and ERA5 data, while the variability of atmospheric temperature is investigated according to MERRA2 and ERA5 data. Analysis of sea surface temperature trends based on reanalysis data revealed that a significant positive SST trend of about 0.1 degrees per decade is observed over the globe. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the trend (about 0.2 degrees per decade) is 2 times higher than the global average, and 5 times higher than in the Southern Hemisphere (about 0.04 degrees per decade). At polar latitudes, opposite SST trends are observed in the Arctic (positive) and Antarctic (negative). The impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon on the temperature of the lower and middle atmosphere in the middle and polar latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is discussed. To assess the relative influence of SST, CO2, and other greenhouse gases’ variability on the temperature of the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere, numerical calculations with a CCM were performed for several scenarios of accounting for the SST and carbon dioxide variability. The results of numerical experiments with a CCM demonstrated that the influence of SST prevails in the troposphere, while for the stratosphere, an increase in the CO2 content plays the most important role.

scholarly journals A Verified Estimation of the El Niño Index Niño-3.4 since 1877

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 3979-3992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Bunge ◽  
Allan J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Monthly Time Series ◽  
Sst Anomaly

Abstract Decadal and longer time-scale variabilities of the best known El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indexes are poorly correlated before 1950, and so knowledge of interdecadal variability and trend in ENSO indexes is dubious, especially before 1950. To address this problem, the authors constructed and compared physically related monthly ENSO indexes. The base index was El Niño index Niño-3.4, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly averaged over the equatorial box bounded by 5°N, 5°S, 170°W, and 120°W; the authors also constructed indexes based on the nighttime marine air temperature over the Niño-3.4 region (NMAT3.4) and an equatorial Southern Oscillation index (ESOI). The Niño-3.4 index used the “uninterpolated” sea surface temperature data from the Second Hadley Centre Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadSST2), a dataset with smaller uncertainty and better geographical coverage than others. In constructing the index, data at each point for a given month were weighted to take into account the typical considerable spatial variation of the SST anomaly over the Niño-3.4 box as well as the number of observations at that point for that month. Missing monthly data were interpolated and “noise” was reduced by using the result that Niño-3.4 has essentially the same calendar month amplitude structure every year. This 12-point calendar month structure from April to March was obtained by an EOF analysis over the last 58 yr and then was fitted to the entire monthly time series using a least squares approach. Equivalent procedures were followed for NMAT3.4 and ESOI. The new ESOI uses Darwin atmospheric pressure in the west and is based on theory that allows for variations of the atmospheric boundary layer depth across the Pacific. The new Niño-3.4 index was compared with NMAT3.4, the new ESOI, and with a record of δ18O from a coral at Palmyra, an atoll inside the region Niño-3.4 (Cobb et al.). Correlation coefficients between Niño-3.4 and the three monthly indexes mentioned above before 1950 are 0.84, 0.87, 0.73 and 0.93, 0.86, 0.73 for decadal time scales. These relatively high correlation coefficients between physically related but independent monthly time series suggest that this study has improved knowledge of low-frequency variability. All four indexes are consistent with a rise in Niño-3.4 SST and the weakening of the equatorial Pacific winds since about 1970.

Southern Oscillation Anomalies and Their Relationship to Wildfire Activity in Florida

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
And Sea Level

Some relationships between the EI Nino / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and wildfire in Florida are examined. Unlike many ENSO / wildfire studies to date, no particular emphasis was placed on the positive side of the ENSO. Both the positive and negative sides were equally examined. Linear correlation coefficients, scatter diagrams and line graphs are constructed to compare acres burned with indices of central and eastern Pacific sea surface temperature and pressure anomalies. The study reveals a significant relationship between anomalous sea surface temperatures and sea level pressures in the tend and eastern Pacific, and acres burned in Florida due to wildfires. The typical fire season in Florida is during the winter months, and the best correlation coefficient ("r" 0.71) was derived from the average central Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly for the period January through my, indicating it correlated with up to 50% of the variance in acres burned during the years examined. The study further suggests that it may be possible to develop a predictive model for wildfii activity in Florida, based on observed anomalies of sea surface temperatwe and sea level pressure in the central and eastern Pacific.

scholarly journals DAILY BLENDED MICROWAVE AND INFRARED SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE COMPOSITION

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gutemberg Borges França ◽  
Rosa Cristhyna de Oliveira Vieira Paes ◽  
Antônio Do Nascimento Oliveira ◽  
Bianca Couto Ruivo ◽  
Angelo Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Objective Analysis ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Oceanographic Model

ABSTRACT. A simple system for daily cloud free sea surface temperature (SST) composition based on thermal AVHRR and microwave TMI data is presented in this paper. Barnes’ objective analysis is applied as an interpolator to merge these two data sources, which have different spatial and temporal resolutions in a daily SST composition and in a regular grid product. Three comparisons were carried out as follows. First, in situ SST (daily average) measurements from eleven PIRATA’s (Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic) buoys were compared. The correlation coefficients results varied from 0.89 to 0.99, and RMSE, MAE and MBE values have not exceeded 0.57 for period from 2002 to 2010. Second, comparisons between daily SST composition and average daily in situ SST collected from twenty three drifting buoys for the period from May 2008 to October 2010. The statistics results are 0.94, 0.25, 0.19 and − 0.002 for correlation, RMSE, MAE and MBE, respectively. Third, SST (daily average) time series generated by OSTIA project was compared. The temporal and spatial RMSE (considering the study area) values ranged from approximately 0.21◦C to 1.50◦C and its average was 0.47◦C for the period from April 1st 2006 to December 31st 2010. Besides, an investigation about the influence of the data homogenization in the SST interpolation is discussed. Validation results are quite consistent (with SST composition accuracy less than 1.0◦C). Thus, aiming to fulfill the numerical oceanographic model assimilation purposes and other oceanographic features studies, the developed SST product may be recommended as a candidate.   Keywords: oceanography, objective analysis, satellites. RESUMO. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para geração de composições diárias de temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) sem contaminação de nuvens, baseada em dados termais do AVHRR e micro-ondas do TMI. A análise objetiva de Barnes é utilizada como interpolador para mesclar estas duas fontes de dados, que possuem diferentes resoluções espacias e temporais, e gerar uma composição diária de TSM em grade regular. Três tipos de comparações foram feitas com esta composição de TSM, conforme descrito a seguir. 1) Comparação com medidas in situ de TSM (média diária) de onze bóias do PIRATA. Os coeficientes de correlação variaram de 0,89 a 0,99, e os RMSE, MAE e MBE não excederam 0,57 para o período entre 2002 e 2010. 2) Comparação com medidas in situ de TSM (média diária) de vinte e três boias de deriva do PNBOIA para o período entre Maio de 2008 e Outubro de 2010. Os resultados das estatísticas foram: 0,94, 0,25, 0,19 e − 0,002 para a correlação, RMSE, MAE e MBE, respectivamente. 3) Comparação com uma série temporal de TSM gerados pelo projeto OSTIA. A faixa dos valores do RMSE (considerando a área de estudo) variou aproximadamente entre 0,21◦C e 1,50◦C e sua média foi de 0,47◦C para o período de 01 de Abril de 2006 a 31 de Dezembro de 2010. Uma investigação sobre a influência da homogeneização das diferentes fontes de dados antes do processo de interpolação é discutida. Os resultados da validação da TSM são consistentes (com uma acurácia menor que 1,0◦C).   Palavras-chave: oceanografia, análise objetiva, satélites.

DAILY BLENDED MICROWAVE AND INFRARED SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE COMPOSITION

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gutemberg Borges França ◽  
Rosa Cristhyna Paes ◽  
Antônio Nascimento Oliveira ◽  
Bianca Couto Ruivo ◽  
Angelo Sartori Neto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Oceanographic Model ◽  
Drifting Buoys

A simple system for daily cloud free sea surface temperature (SST) composition based on thermal AVHRR and microwave TMI data is presented in this paper. Barnes’ objective analysis (Barnes, 1964) is applied as an interpolator to merge these two data sources, which have different spatial and temporal resolutions in a daily SST composition and in a regular grid product. Three comparisons were carried out as follows. First, in situ SST (daily average) measurements from eleven PIRATA´s buoys were compared. The correlation coefficients results varied from 0.89 to 0.99, and RMSE, MAE and MBE values have not exceeded 0.57 for period from 2002 to 2010. Second, comparisons between daily SST composition and average daily in situ SST collected from twenty three drifting buoys for the period from May 2008 to October 2010. The statistics results are 0.94, 0.25, 0.19 and -0.002 for correlation, RMSE, MAE and MBE, respectively. Third, SST (daily average) time series generated by OSTIA project was compared. The temporal and spatial RMSE (considering the study area) values ranged from approximately 0.21oC to 1.50oC and its average was 0.47oC for the period from January 1st to May 31st, 2006. Besides, an investigation about the influence of the data homogenization in the SST interpolation is discussed. Validation results are quite consistent (with SST composition accuracy less than 1.0oC). Thus, aiming to fulfill the numerical oceanographic model assimilation purposes and other oceanographic features studies, the developed SST product may be recommended as a candidate. 

Holocene sea surface temperature variations recorded in corals from Kikai Island, Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. e9-e14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroto Kajita ◽  
Atsuko Yamazaki ◽  
Takaaki Watanabe ◽  
Chung-Che Wu ◽  
Chuan-Chou Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature Variations

PENENTUAN DAERAH POTENSIAL BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Marianus Filipe Logo ◽  
N M. R. R. Cahya Perbani ◽  
Bayu Priyono
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Sea Surface

Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan penghasil rumput laut kappaphycus alvarezii kedua terbesar di Indonesia berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik (2016). Oleh karena itu diperlukan zonasi daerah potensial budidaya rumput laut kappaphycus alvarezii untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan daerah yang potensial untuk budidaya rumput laut kappaphycus alvarezii di Provinsi NTT berdasarkan parameter sea surface temperature (SST), salinitas, kedalaman, arus, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrat, fosfat, klorofil-a, dan muara sungai. Penentuan kesesuaian lokasi budidaya dilakukan dengan memberikan bobot dan skor bagi setiap parameter untuk budidaya rumput laut kappaphycus alvarezii menggunakan sistem informasi geografis melalui overlay peta tematik setiap parameter. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa kadar nitrat, arus, kedalaman, dan lokasi muara sungai menjadi parameter penentu utama. Jarak maksimum dari bibir pantai adalah sekitar 10 km. Potensial budidaya rumput laut kappaphycus alvarezii ditemukan di Pulau Flores bagian barat, kepulauan di Kabupaten Flores Timur dan Alor, selatan Pulau Sumba, Pulau Rote, dan Teluk Kupang.

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