Ozone and temperature decadal responses to solar variability in the  mesosphere and lower thermosphere, based on measurements from SABER on  TIMED

Abstract. We have derived ozone and temperature responses to solar variability over a solar cycle, from June 2002 through June 2014, 50 to 100 km, 48° S to 48° N, based on data from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. Results with this extent of coverage in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have not been available previously. A multiple regression is applied to obtain responses as a function of the solar 10.7 cm flux (solar flux units, sfu). Positive responses mean that they are larger at solar maximum than at solar minimum of the solar cycle. From ∼  80 to 100 km, both ozone and temperature responses are positive for all latitudes and are larger than those at lower altitudes. From ∼  80 to 100 km, ozone responses can exceed 10 % (100 sfu)−1, and temperature responses can approach 4 °K. From 50 to ∼  80 km, the ozone responses at low latitudes ( ∼  ±35°) are mostly negative and can approach ∼  negative 3 % (100 sfu)−1. However, they are mostly positive at midlatitudes in this region and can approach ∼  2 % (100 sfu)−1. In contrast to ozone, from ∼  50 to 80 km, the temperature responses at low latitudes remain positive, with values up to ∼  2.5 K (100 sfu)−1, but are weakly negative at midlatitudes. Consequently, there is a systematic and robust relation between the phases of the ozone and temperature responses. They are positively correlated (in phase) from ∼  80 to 100 km for all latitudes and negatively correlated (out of phase) from ∼  50 to 80 km, also for all latitudes. The negative correlation from 50 to 80 km is maintained even though the ozone and temperature responses can change signs as a function of altitude and latitude, because the corresponding temperature responses change signs in step with ozone. This is consistent with the idea that dynamics have the larger influence between ∼  80 and 100 km, while photochemistry is more in control from ∼  50 to 75 km. The correlation coefficients between the solar 10.7 cm flux and the ozone and temperature themselves from 2012 to 2014 are positive (negative) in regions where the responses are positive (negative). This supports our results since the correlations are independent of the multiple regression used to derive the responses. We also compare with previous results.

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Ozone and temperature decadal responses to solar variability in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-34-801-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (9) ◽

pp. 801-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frank T. Huang ◽

Hans G. Mayr ◽

James M. Russell III ◽

Martin G. Mlynczak

Keyword(s):

Solar Cycle ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Local Maximum ◽

Solar Variability ◽

Broadband Emission ◽

New Information ◽

Spatial Coverage ◽

The Individual ◽

Temperature Responses

Abstract. We have derived ozone and temperature responses to solar variability over a solar cycle, from 2002 to 2014 at 20–60 km and 48° S–48° N, based on data from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. Simultaneous results for ozone and temperature with this kind of spatial coverage have not been previously available, and they provide the opportunity to study correlations between ozone and temperature responses. In previous studies, there has not been general agreement on the details or, at times, even the broad behavior of the responses to decadal solar variability. New results from a different dataset should supply new information on this important and interesting subject. A multiple regression is applied to obtain responses as a function of the solar 10.7 cm flux. Positive responses mean that they are larger at solar maximum than at solar minimum of the solar cycle. Both ozone and temperature responses are found be positive or negative, depending on location. Generally, from ∼  25 to 60 km, the ozone and temperature responses are mostly out of phase (negatively correlated) with each other as a function of solar variability, with some exceptions in the lower altitudes. These negative correlations are maintained even though the individual ozone (temperature) responses can change signs as a function of altitude and latitude, because the corresponding temperature (ozone) responses change signs in step with each other. From ∼  50 to 60 km, ozone responses are relatively small, varying from ∼  −1 to ∼  2 % 100 sfu−1 (solar flux units), while temperature responses can approach ∼  2 °K 100 sfu−1. From ∼  25 to ∼  40 km, the ozone responses have become mostly positive at all latitudes and approach a maximum of ∼  5 % 100 sfu−1 near the Equator and ∼  30–35 km. In contrast, at low latitudes, the temperature responses have become negative but also reach a local maximum (near 32 km) in magnitude. The ozone and temperature responses remain mostly out of phase, with isolated exceptions at midlatitudes between ∼  25 and 45 km. The general negative correlations are consistent with the idea that photochemistry is more in control in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The correlation coefficients between the solar 10.7 cm flux and the ozone and temperature themselves from 2002 to 2014 are positive (negative) in regions where the responses are positive (negative). This supports our results since the correlations are independent of the multiple regression used to derive the responses. We also compare with previous results.

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Large-Scale Waves in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Observed by SABER

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas3612.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 62 (12) ◽

pp. 4384-4399 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Rolando R. Garcia ◽

Ruth Lieberman ◽

James M. Russell ◽

Martin G. Mlynczak

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Middle Atmosphere ◽

Lower Thermosphere ◽

Normal Modes ◽

Zonal Winds ◽

Broadband Emission ◽

Summer Hemisphere ◽

Mean Structure ◽

Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere ◽

The Tropics

Abstract Observations made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board NASA’s Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite have been processed using Salby’s fast Fourier synoptic mapping (FFSM) algorithm. The mapped data provide a first synoptic look at the mean structure and traveling waves of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) since the launch of the TIMED satellite in December 2001. The results show the presence of various wave modes in the MLT, which reach largest amplitude above the mesopause and include Kelvin and Rossby–gravity waves, eastward-propagating diurnal oscillations (“non-sun-synchronous tides”), and a set of quasi-normal modes associated with the so-called 2-day wave. The latter exhibits marked seasonal variability, attaining large amplitudes during the solstices and all but disappearing at the equinoxes. SABER data also show a strong quasi-stationary Rossby wave signal throughout the middle atmosphere of the winter hemisphere; the signal extends into the Tropics and even into the summer hemisphere in the MLT, suggesting ducting by westerly background zonal winds. At certain times of the year, the 5-day Rossby normal mode and the 4-day wave associated with instability of the polar night jet are also prominent in SABER data.

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Middle Atmosphere Temperature Changes Derived from SABER Observations during 2002-2020

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-20-1010.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

X. R. Zhao ◽

Z. Sheng ◽

H. Q. Shi ◽

L. B. Weng ◽

Y. He

Keyword(s):

Solar Cycle ◽

Middle Atmosphere ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Linear Trend ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Lower Thermosphere ◽

Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽

Atmosphere Temperature ◽

Temperature Responses

AbstractUsing temperature data measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument from February 2002 to March 2020, the temperature linear trend and temperature responses to the solar cycle (SC), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated from 20 km to 110 km for the latitude range of 50°S-50°N. A four-component harmonic fit was used to remove the seasonal variation from the observed monthly temperature series. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to analyze the linear trend, SC, QBO, and ENSO terms. In this study, the near-global mean temperature shows consistent cooling trends throughout the entire middle atmosphere, ranging from -0.28 to -0.97 K/decade. Additionally, it shows positive responses to the solar cycle, varying from -0.05 to 4.53 K/100sfu. A solar temperature response boundary between 50°S and 50°N is given, above which the atmospheric temperature is strongly affected by solar activity. The boundary penetrates deep below the stratopause to ~ 42 km over the tropical region and rises to higher altitudes with latitude. Temperature responses to the QBO and ENSO can be observed up to the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In the equatorial region, 40%-70% of the total variance is explained by QBO signals in the stratosphere and 30%-50% is explained by the solar signal in the upper middle atmosphere. Our results, obtained from 18-year SABER observations, are expected to be an updated reliable estimation of the middle atmosphere temperature variability for the stratospheric ozone recovery period.

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Sea surface temperature as a proxy for convective gravity wave excitation: a study based on global gravity wave observations in the middle atmosphere

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-32-1373-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (11) ◽

pp. 1373-1394 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. Y. Jia ◽

P. Preusse ◽

M. Ern ◽

H.-Y. Chun ◽

J. C. Gille ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Sea Surface Temperature ◽

Gravity Wave ◽

Middle Atmosphere ◽

Lower Thermosphere ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Broadband Emission ◽

Global Gravity ◽

Ray Tracing Simulation

Abstract. Absolute values of gravity wave momentum flux (GWMF) deduced from satellite measurements by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument and the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) are correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) with the aim of identifying those oceanic regions for which convection is a major source of gravity waves (GWs). Our study identifies those latitude bands where high correlation coefficients indicate convective excitation with confidence. This is based on a global ray-tracing simulation, which is used to delineate the source and wind-filtering effects. Convective GWs are identified at the eastern coasts of the continents and over the warm water regions formed by the warm ocean currents, in particular the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio. Potential contributions of tropical cyclones to the excitation of the GWs are discussed. Convective excitation can be identified well into the mid-mesosphere. In propagating upward, the centers of GWMF formed by convection shift poleward. Some indications of the main forcing regions are even shown for the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT).

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Long-term variability of mean winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at low latitudes

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/2012ja017850 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 117 (A10) ◽

pp. n/a-n/a ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

N. Venkateswara Rao ◽

T. Tsuda ◽

D. M. Riggin ◽

S. Gurubaran ◽

I. M. Reid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Thermosphere ◽

Low Latitudes ◽

Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere

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Mesosphere and lower thermosphere zonal wind variations over low latitudes: Relation to local stratospheric zonal winds and global circulation anomalies

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1002/2014jd021610 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 119 (10) ◽

pp. 5913-5927 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

G. Kishore Kumar ◽

K. Kishore Kumar ◽

W. Singer ◽

C. Zülicke ◽

S. Gurubaran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zonal Wind ◽

Lower Thermosphere ◽

Global Circulation ◽

Zonal Winds ◽

Low Latitudes ◽

Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere ◽

Circulation Anomalies

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Characteristics of double sodium layer over Haikou, China (20.0° N, 110.1° E)

Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika ◽

10.12737/szf-52201904 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 30-34

Author(s):

Ян Дали ◽

Yang Dali ◽

Чжан Теминь ◽

Zhang Tiemin ◽

Ван Цзихун ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Thermosphere ◽

Dye Laser ◽

Low Latitude ◽

Middle Latitudes ◽

Sodium Layer ◽

Layer Structures ◽

Low Latitudes ◽

Sporadic E Layer ◽

Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere ◽

Sporadic E

We study the property of double sodium layer structures (DSLs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) by a lidar at the low-latitude location of Haikou (20.0° N, 110.1° E), China. From April 2010 to December 2013, 21 DSLs were observed within a total of 377 observation days. DSLs were recorded at middle latitudes of Beijing and Wuhan, China, but were rarely observed at low latitudes. We analyze and discuss characteristics of DSLs such as time of occurrence, peak altitude, FWHM, duration time, etc. At the same time, the critical frequency foEs and the virtual height h'Es of the sporadic E layer Es were observed by an ionosonde over Danzhou (19.0° N, 109.3° E). We discuss such their characteristics as differences of time, differences of altitude compared to DSLs. We used an Nd:YAG laser pumped dye laser to generate the probing beam. The wavelength of the dye laser was set to 589 nm by a sodium fluorescence cell. The backscattered fluorescence photons from the sodium layer were collected by a telescope with the Φ1000 mm primary mirror.

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Signature of the 27-day solar rotation cycle in mesospheric OH and H<sub>2</sub>O observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-11-28477-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 28477-28498 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. V. Shapiro ◽

E. Rozanov ◽

A. I. Shapiro ◽

S. Wang ◽

T. Egorova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cycle ◽

Solar Irradiance ◽

Solar Minimum ◽

Solar Maximum ◽

Solar Rotation ◽

Time Lag ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Maximum Period ◽

First Time ◽

Zero Time

Abstract. The mesospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) is mainly produced by the water vapor (H2O) photolysis and could be considered as a proxy for the influence of the solar irradiance variability on the mesosphere. We analyze the tropical mean response of the mesospheric OH and H2O data as observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) to 27-day solar variability. The analysis is performed for two time periods corresponding to the different phases of the 11-yr cycle: from December 2004 to December 2005 ("solar maximum" period with a pronounced 27-day solar cycle) and from November 2008 to November 2009 ("solar minimum" period with a vague 27-day solar cycle). We demonstrate, for the first time, that in the mesosphere the daily time series of OH concentrations correlate well with the solar irradiance (correlation coefficients up to 0.79) at zero time-lag. At the same time H2O anticorrelates (correlation coefficients up to −0.74) with the solar irradiance at non-zero time-lag. We found that the response of OH and H2O to the 27-day variability of the solar irradiance is strong for the solar maximum and negligible for the solar minimum conditions. It allows us to suggest that the 27-day cycle in the solar irradiance and in OH and H2O are physically connected.

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