scholarly journals Conversion of tropical forests to smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations impacts nutrient leaching losses and nutrient retention efficiency in highly weathered soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 5131-5154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Marife D. Corre ◽  
Amanda L. Matson ◽  
Hubert Schulte-Bisping ◽  
Sri Rahayu Utami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Nutrient Leaching ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Jungle Rubber

Abstract. Conversion of forest to rubber and oil palm plantations is widespread in Sumatra, Indonesia, and it is largely unknown how such land-use conversion affects nutrient leaching losses. Our study aimed to quantify nutrient leaching and nutrient retention efficiency in the soil after land-use conversion to smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations. In Jambi province, Indonesia, we selected two landscapes on highly weathered Acrisol soils that mainly differed in texture: loam and clay. Within each soil type, we compared two reference land uses, lowland forest and jungle rubber (defined as rubber trees interspersed in secondary forest), with two converted land uses: smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations. Within each soil type, the first three land uses were represented by 4 replicate sites and the oil palm by three sites, totaling 30 sites. We measured leaching losses using suction cup lysimeters sampled biweekly to monthly from February to December 2013. Forests and jungle rubber had low solute concentrations in drainage water, suggesting low internal inputs of rock-derived nutrients and efficient internal cycling of nutrients. These reference land uses on the clay Acrisol soils had lower leaching of dissolved N and base cations (P= 0.01–0.06) and higher N and base cation retention efficiency (P < 0.01–0.07) than those on the loam Acrisols. In the converted land uses, particularly on the loam Acrisol, the fertilized area of oil palm plantations showed higher leaching of dissolved N, organic C, and base cations (P < 0.01–0.08) and lower N and base cation retention efficiency compared to all the other land uses (P < 0.01–0.06). The unfertilized rubber plantations, particularly on the loam Acrisol, showed lower leaching of dissolved P (P=0.08) and organic C (P < 0.01) compared to forest or jungle rubber, reflecting decreases in soil P stocks and C inputs to the soil. Our results suggest that land-use conversion to rubber and oil palm causes disruption of initially efficient nutrient cycling, which decreases nutrient availability. Over time, smallholders will likely be increasingly reliant on fertilization, with the risk of diminishing water quality due to increased nutrient leaching. Thus, there is a need to develop management practices to minimize leaching while sustaining productivity.

scholarly journals Conversion of tropical forests to smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations impacts nutrient leaching losses and nutrient retention efficiency in highly weathered soils

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Marife D. Corre ◽  
Amanda L. Matson ◽  
Hubert Schulte-Bisping ◽  
Sri Rahayu Utami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Nutrient Leaching ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Jungle Rubber

Abstract. Conversion of forest to rubber and oil palm plantations is widespread in Sumatra, Indonesia, and it is largely unknown how such land-use conversion affects nutrient leaching losses. Our study aimed to quantify nutrient leaching and nutrient retention efficiency in the soil after land-use conversion to smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations. In Jambi province, Indonesia, we selected two landscapes on highly weathered Acrisol soils that mainly differed in texture: loam and clay. Within each landscape, we compared two reference land uses: lowland forest and jungle rubber (defined as rubber trees interspersed in secondary forest) with two converted land uses, smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations. Within each landscape, the first three land uses were represented by four replicate sites and the oil palm by three sites, totaling to 30 sites. We measured leaching losses using suction cup lysimeters, sampled biweekly to monthly from February to December 2013. Forests and jungle rubber had low solute concentrations in drainage water, suggesting low internal inputs of rock-derived nutrients and efficient internal cycling of nutrients. These reference land uses on the clay Acrisol soils had lower leaching of dissolved N and base cations (P = 0.01–0.06) and higher N and base cation retention efficiency (P 

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Sandy-Textured Soils under Smallholder Agricultural Land Use Practices in Sarawak, East Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Soo Ying Ho ◽  
Mohd Effendi Bin Wasli ◽  
Mugunthan Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nutrient Contents

A study was conducted in the Sabal area, Sarawak, to evaluate the physicochemical properties of sandy-textured soils under smallholder agricultural land uses. Study sites were established under rubber, oil palm, and pepper land uses, in comparison to the adjacent secondary forests. The sandy-textured soils underlain in all agricultural land uses are of Spodosols, based on USDA Soil Taxonomy. The soil properties under secondary forests were strongly acidic with poor nutrient contents. Despite higher bulk density in oil palm farmlands, soil properties in rubber and oil palm land uses showed little variation to those in secondary forests. Conversely, soils under pepper land uses were less acidic with higher nutrient contents at the surface layer, especially P. In addition, soils in the pepper land uses were more compact due to human trampling effects from regular farm works at a localized area. Positive correlations were observed between soil total C and soil total N, soil exchangeable K, soil sum of bases, and soil effective CEC, suggesting that soil total C is the determinant of soil fertility under the agricultural land uses. Meanwhile, insufficient K input in oil palm land uses was observed from the partial nutrient balances estimation. In contrast, P and K did not remain in the soils under pepper land use, although the fertilizers application by the farmers was beyond the crop uptake and removal (harvesting). Because of the siliceous sandy nature (low clay contents) of Spodosols, they are poor in nutrient retention capacity. Hence, maintaining ample supply of organic C is crucial to sustain the productivity and fertility of sandy-textured soils, especially when the litterfall layers covering the E horizon were removed for oil palm and pepper cultivation.

scholarly journals Soil nitrogen oxide fluxes from lowland forests converted smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Hassler ◽  
Marife D. Corre ◽  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Edzo Veldkamp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
No Fluxes

Abstract. Oil palm and rubber plantations cover large areas of former rainforest in Sumatra, Indonesia, supplying the global demand for these crops. Although forest conversion is known to influence soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes, measurements from oil palm and rubber plantations are scarce (for N2O) or nonexistent (for NO). Our study aimed to (1) quantify changes in soil-atmosphere fluxes of N oxides with forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations, and (2) determine their controlling factors. In Jambi, Sumatra, we selected two landscapes that mainly differed in texture but both on heavily weathered soils: loam and clay Acrisol soils. Within each landscape, we investigated lowland forest, rubber trees interspersed in secondary forest (termed as jungle rubber), both as reference land uses, and smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations, as converted land uses. Each land use had four replicate plots within each landscape. Soil N2O fluxes were measured monthly from December 2012 to December 2013, and soil NO fluxes were measured four times between March and September 2013. In the loam Acrisol landscape, we also conducted weekly to bi-weekly soil N2O flux measurements from July 2014 to July 2015 in a large-scale oil palm plantation with four replicate plots for comparison with smallholder oil palm plantations. Land-use conversion to smallholder plantations had no effect on soil N-oxide fluxes (P = 0.58 to 0.76) due to the generally low soil N availability in the reference land uses that further decreased with land-use conversion. Over one-year measurements, the temporal patterns of soil N-oxide fluxes were influenced by soil mineral N and water contents. Across landscapes, annual soil N2O emissions were controlled by gross nitrification and sand content, which also suggest the influence of soil N and water availability. Soil N2O fluxes (µg N m−2 h−1) were: 7 ± 2 to 14 ± 7 (reference land uses), 6 ± 3 to 9 ± 2 (rubber), 12 ± 3 to 12 ± 6 (smallholder oil palm), and 42 ± 24 (large-scale oil palm). Soil NO fluxes (µg N m−2 h−1) were: −0.6 ± 0.7 to 5.7 ± 5.8 (reference land uses), −1.2 ± 0.5 to −1.0 ± 0.2 (rubber) and −0.2 ± 1.2 to 0.7 ± 0.7 (smallholder oil palm). The low N fertilizer application in smallholder oil palm plantations (commonly 48 to 88 kg N ha−1 yr−1) resulted in N-oxide losses of only 0.2–0.7 % of the applied N. To improve estimate of soil N-oxide fluxes from oil palm plantations in this region, studies should focus on large-scale plantations (which usually have two to four times higher N fertilization rates than smallholders) with frequent measurements following fertilizer application.

scholarly journals Soil macroporosity, physical properties and nutrient leaching after forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantation in an Acrisol of Jambi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3155-3163
Author(s):  
Sri Rahayu Utami ◽  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Christanti Agustina ◽  
Marife De Corre
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Nutrient Leaching ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Jungle Rubber

Soil degradation is expected to continue as forest conversion into other land uses increases significantly. In Indonesia, Jambi is one of the main areas for the development of oil palm and rubber, whichare mainly converted from the forest. As a base for better management, we attempted to study macro-porosity in rubber and oil palm plantation, in comparison to secondary forests. Four landuse systems (secondary forest, jungle rubber, rubber plantation and oil palm plantations) in Bukit Duabelas, Sarolangun District, Jambi Province, Sumatera, were selected for this study. The number of macropores in vertical or horizontal planes and their related factors (root mass, litter thickness, % organic C, bulk density, water content at pF 0 and pF 2.54, aggregate stability) were measured within the soil profiles. Forest conversion to jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm plantation led to a decrease of macro-porosity in the soil profile, especially in the upper 50 cm. Macropores, both at vertical and horizontal planes in the secondary forest was significantly higher than other landuses. Horizontal macropores in jungle rubber were higher than rubber and oil palm plantation, but not the vertical macropores. Among the soil properties measured, litter thickness, coarse root dry mass (Ø >2 mm), mesopores and aggregate stability were closely associated with soil macro-porosity. However, macro-porosity in the soil profile was insignificantly correlated to soil bulk density and % organic C. Increasing the number of horizontal macropores resulted in higher nutrient leaching, especially K and Na.

scholarly journals Impact of Land-Use Change on Soil Carbon Dynamics in Tropical Peatland, West Kalimantan- Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Rossie Wiedya Nusantara ◽  
Sudarmadji Sudarmadji ◽  
Tjut S. Djohan ◽  
Eko Haryono
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Organic C ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Tropical Peat ◽  
Vegetation Burning

The conversion of tropical peat forest to other land uses can reduce organic carbon (C) and stable C isotope (δ13C) of peat soil. This research aimed at analyzing the soil organic-C and δ13C of peatland with respect to maturity (fibric, hemic and sapric) in five types of peatland use, which included primary peat forest, secondary peat forest, shrubs, oil palm plantations, and cornfield in West Kalimantan. Analysis of peat soil samples includes organic C with Loss in ignition method and δ13C  using an isotope ratio mass spectrometry(IRMS) method. Organic-C at fibric was higher than hemic and sapric, respectively (57.2%, 57.0%, 56.4%), meanwhile, organic-C was the highest on primary peat forest, followed by on secondary peat forest, oil palm plantation, cornfield, and shrubs, respectively 57.1%, 57.0%, 56.4%, 56.0%. The cause of increasing and decreasing organic C and δ13C due to land-use change due to changes in vegetation, burning during tillage, and age of organic matter of peat soil. This condition causes the opening of natural peat ecosystems and changes in anaerobic to aerobic conditions. 

scholarly journals Soil nitrogen oxide fluxes from lowland forests converted to smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2781-2798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Hassler ◽  
Marife D. Corre ◽  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Edzo Veldkamp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
No Fluxes

Abstract. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations cover large areas of former rainforest in Sumatra, Indonesia, supplying the global demand for these crops. Although forest conversion is known to influence soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes, measurements from oil palm and rubber plantations are scarce (for N2O) or nonexistent (for NO). Our study aimed to (1) quantify changes in soil–atmosphere fluxes of N oxides with forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations and (2) determine their controlling factors. In Jambi, Sumatra, we selected two landscapes that mainly differed in texture but were both on heavily weathered soils: loam and clay Acrisol soils. Within each landscape, we investigated lowland forests, rubber trees interspersed in secondary forest (termed as jungle rubber), both as reference land uses and smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations as converted land uses. In the loam Acrisol landscape, we conducted a follow-on study in a large-scale oil palm plantation (called PTPN VI) for comparison of soil N2O fluxes with smallholder oil palm plantations. Land-use conversion to smallholder plantations had no effect on soil N-oxide fluxes (P = 0. 58 to 0.76) due to the generally low soil N availability in the reference land uses that further decreased with land-use conversion. Soil N2O fluxes from the large-scale oil palm plantation did not differ with those from smallholder plantations (P = 0. 15). Over 1-year measurements, the temporal patterns of soil N-oxide fluxes were influenced by soil mineral N and water contents. Across landscapes, annual soil N2O emissions were controlled by gross nitrification and sand content, which also suggest the influence of soil N and water availability. Soil N2O fluxes (µg N m−2 h−1) were 7 ± 2 to 14 ± 7 (reference land uses), 6 ± 3 to 9 ± 2 (rubber), 12 ± 3 to 12 ± 6 (smallholder oil palm) and 42 ± 24 (large-scale oil palm). Soil NO fluxes (µg N m−2 h−1) were −0.6 ± 0.7 to 5.7 ± 5.8 (reference land uses), −1.2 ± 0.5 to −1.0 ± 0.2 (rubber) and −0.2 ± 1.2 to 0.7 ± 0.7 (smallholder oil palm). To improve the estimate of soil N-oxide fluxes from oil palm plantations in this region, studies should focus on large-scale plantations (which usually have 2 to 4 times higher N fertilization rates than smallholders) with frequent measurements following fertilizer application.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN C-ORGANIK PADA PENGGUNAAN LAHAN BERBEDA DI KAWASAN UB FOREST

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-405
Author(s):  
Renaldy Christian Siahaan ◽  
Zaenal Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Available Water

UB forest area has various land uses, namely the use of agroforestry land based on coffee and seasonal crops. This will result in various physical properties of the soil in each use, therefore this study aims to determine the physical properties of the soil in different land uses and obtain optimal land use in the UB Forest area. The research was conducted from June to September 2020 in Malang district. The study was conducted on land use of pine forest areas, pine agroforestry + coffee, pine agroforestry + seasonal crops, mahogany agroforestry + coffee and mahogany agroforestry + seasonal crops. The parameters observed included analyzing bulk density, particle density, porosity, available water, water content pF 2.5 and 4.2, hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, texture and organic-C. The results showed that land use in the forest area of UB affected the physical soil, namely bulk density, particle density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and aggregate stability. Other physical properties, namely soil texture in the UB area. Dominant forest with dusty and clayey clay textures while available water had no significant effect and pine land use is optimal use based on physical properties of soil density, density, aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity and is supported by the value of organic-C. Soil organic matter in coffee pine land use also has the highest value than other land ranges from 3.44 to 5.07%

scholarly journals Herbicide weed control increases nutrient leaching compared to mechanical weeding in a large-scale oil palm plantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 5243-5262
Author(s):  
Greta Formaglio ◽  
Edzo Veldkamp ◽  
Xiaohong Duan ◽  
Aiyen Tjoa ◽  
Marife D. Corre
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutrient Leaching ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Four Blocks

Abstract. Nutrient leaching in intensively managed oil palm plantations can diminish soil fertility and water quality. There is a need to reduce this environmental footprint without sacrificing yield. In a large-scale oil palm plantation in Acrisol soil, we quantified nutrient leaching using a full factorial experiment with two fertilization rates (260 kg N, 50 kg P, and 220 kg K ha−1 yr−1 as conventional practice and 136 kg N, 17 kg P, and 187 kg K ha−1 yr−1, equal to harvest export, as reduced management) and two weeding methods (conventional herbicide application and mechanical weeding as reduced management) replicated in four blocks. Over the course of 1 year, we collected monthly soil pore water at 1.5 m depth in three distinct management zones: palm circle, inter-row, and frond-stacked area. Nutrient leaching in the palm circle was low due to low solute concentrations and small drainage fluxes, probably resulting from large plant uptake. In contrast, nitrate and aluminum leaching losses were high in the inter-row due to the high concentrations and large drainage fluxes, possibly resulting from low plant uptake and low pH. In the frond-stacked area, base cation leaching was high, presumably from frond litter decomposition, but N leaching was low. Mechanical weeding reduced leaching losses of base cations compared to the conventional herbicide weeding probably because herbicides decreased ground vegetation and thus reduced soil nutrient retention. Reduced fertilization rates diminished the nitrate leaching losses. Leaching of total nitrogen in the mechanical weeding with reduced fertilization treatment (32±6 kg N ha−1 yr−1) was less than half of the conventional management (74±20 kg N ha−1 yr−1), whereas yields were not affected by these treatments. Our findings suggest that mechanical weeding and reduced fertilization should be included in the program by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture for precision farming (e.g., variable rates with plantation age), particularly for large-scale oil palm plantations. We further suggest including mechanical weeding and reduced fertilization in science-based policy recommendations, such as those endorsed by the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil association.

scholarly journals SOC Stock Changes and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Following Tropical Land Use Conversions to Plantation Crops on Mineral Soils, with a Special Focus on Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjutha Shanmugam ◽  
Ram Dalal ◽  
Hans Joosten ◽  
R. Raison ◽  
Goh Joo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Soc Stock ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Soc Stocks

The increasing global demand for vegetable oils has resulted in a significant increase in the area under oil palm in the tropics during the last couple of decades, and this is projected to increase further. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil discourages the conversion of peatlands to oil palm and rubber plantations. However, our understanding of the effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of land use conversion is incomplete, especially for mineral soils under primary forests, secondary forests, rubber and other perennial plantations in the tropics. In this review we synthesised information on SOC stocks and GHG emissions from tropical mineral soils under forest, oil palm and rubber plantations and other agroecosystems across the tropical regions. We found that the largest SOC losses occurred after land use conversion from primary forest to oil palm and rubber plantations. Secondary forest and pasture lands showed lower SOC losses as well as total GHG (CO2, N2O and CH4) emissions when converted to oil palm and rubber plantations. However, due to the limited data available on all three GHG emissions, there remains high uncertainty in GHG emissions estimates, and regional GHG accounting is more reliable. We recommend long-term monitoring of oil palm and other perennial plantations established on tropical mineral soils on different soil types and regions on SOC stock changes and total GHG emissions and evaluate appropriate management practices to optimise production and sustainable economic returns, and minimise environmental impact.

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