scholarly journals Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 6287-6300
Author(s):  
Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez ◽  
Pou-Long Kuan ◽  
Po-Hsuan Sung ◽  
Mao-Ting Hsu ◽  
Garett J. P. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Freshwater Acidification ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. Studies indicate that ocean acidification will cause marine life, especially calcifying species, to suffer at the organism and ecosystem levels. In comparison, freshwater acidification has received less attention, rendering its consequences unclear. Here, juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, were used as a crustacean model to investigate the impact of CO2-mediated freshwater acidification. Our integrative approach, investigating changes in the animal's acid–base homeostasis, metabolism, calcification, locomotory behaviour, and survival rate, indicates that this economically relevant crustacean will face energetic consequences from future freshwater acidification. These energetic trade-offs allow the animal to maintain its acid–base homeostasis at the cost of reduced metabolic activity, exoskeletal calcification, and locomotion, reducing the animal's overall fitness and increasing its mortality. Results indicate that present-day Chinese mitten crab could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification like their marine counterparts and emphasize the importance of understanding the long-term implications of freshwater acidification on species' fitness.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez ◽  
Pou-Long Kuan ◽  
Po-Hsuan Sung ◽  
Mao-Ting Hsu ◽  
Garett J. P. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Freshwater Acidification ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. Studies indicate that ocean acidification will cause marine life, especially calcifying species, to suffer at the organismal and ecosystem levels. In comparison, freshwater acidification has received less attention rendering its consequences unclear. Here, juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, were used as a calcifying model to investigate the impacts of CO2-mediated freshwater acidification. Our integrative approach investigating changes in the animal's acid-base homeostasis, metabolism, calcification, locomotory behaviour, and survival rate indicate that the crab will face energetic consequences from future freshwater acidification. These energetic trade-offs allow the animal to maintain its acid-base homeostasis at the cost of reduced metabolic activity, exoskeletal calcification, and locomotion reducing the animal's overall fitness and increasing its mortality. Results suggest that present-day calcifying invertebrates could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification similar to their marine organisms and emphasizes the importance in understanding the long-term implications of freshwater acidification on species fitness.

Can morphological characters be used to identify the pond-reared offspring of wild Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, from different basins?

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 957-978
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Jiang ◽  
Xugan Wu ◽  
Haining Wang ◽  
Yuhong Yang ◽  
Yongxu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Chinese Mitten Crab ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Morphological Differences

Abstract Although morphology is always used to distinguish wild Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) populations, whether morphology could be used to identify the pond-reared offspring of wild E. sinensis populations has remained unclear. This study was undertaken to examine the morphological difference of wild E. sinensis (G0) from the Yangtze River (YR), Huang River (HR) and Liao River (LR) as well as their pond-reared offspring (G1). The results showed that: (1) The amount of significantly different parameters of three G1 populations was evidently less than that of three G0 populations; (2) G0 and G1 individuals of each population were clearly separated by principal component analysis, furthermore, three G0 populations were clearly separated while three G1 populations were not well distinguished from each other; (3) discrimination accuracy of G1 individuals in stepwise discriminant analysis was obviously lower than that of G1 populations; (4) G0 and G1 populations were clustered into two separate clusters in the cluster analysis. In conclusion, morphological differences between wild E. sinensis populations had disappeared after one generation of artificial culture, and morphology thus probably cannot be used to distinguish the pond-reared offspring originated from three wild E. sinensis populations.

scholarly journals Urban expansion in the Atlantic Forest: applying the Nature Futures Framework to develop a conceptual model and future scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Cavalcanti Lembi ◽  
Cecilia Cronemberger ◽  
Caroline Picharillo ◽  
Sheina Koffler ◽  
Pedro H. Albuquerque Sena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: The Atlantic Forest is an important hotspot of biodiversity and ecosystem services that contributes to the well-being of its 125 million human inhabitants, about three quarters of the Brazilian population. In the coming decades, forecasts show that urban areas in the Atlantic Forest will grow at the expense of natural ecosystems, leading to increasing pressure on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We used the Nature Futures Framework (NFF) for envisioning positive scenarios for cities in the Atlantic Forest. First, we developed a conceptual model based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach to describe consequences of urban growth for the three NFF perspectives: Nature for Society, Nature for Nature and Nature as Culture. Second, we proposed scenario storylines that encompass multiple social-ecological values of nature and could be used by policy makers to plan desirable futures for the Atlantic Forest. Then, we discussed the impact of distinct policies on these values, identifying the different ways in which the management of urban green and blue spaces, natural ecosystems, and urban densities can lead to different social-ecological outcomes. We further detail the complexity, trade-offs, and synergies regarding city development, nature conservation, and human well-being in this tropical hotspot. Applying NFF can contribute to the ongoing debate regarding urban sustainability, by providing an interdisciplinary and integrative approach that explicitly incorporates multiple values of nature and the visualization of positive futures.

scholarly journals Managing quality of cost information in clinical costing: evidence across seven countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Chapman ◽  
Anja Kern ◽  
Aziza Laguecir ◽  
Gerardine Doyle ◽  
Nathalie Angelé-Halgand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regulatory Guidance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose is to assess the impact of clinical costing approaches on the quality of cost information in seven countries (Denmark, England, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Portugal).Design/methodology/approachCosting practices in seven countries were analysed via questionnaires, interviews and relevant published material.FindingsAlthough clinical costing is intended to support a similar range of purposes, countries display considerable diversity in their approaches to costing in terms of the level of detail contained in regulatory guidance and the percentage of providers subject to such guidance for tariff setting. Guidance in all countries involves a mix of costing methods.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors propose a two-dimensional Materiality and Quality Score (2D MAQS) of costing systems that can support the complex trade-offs in managing the quality of cost information at both policy and provider level, and between financial and clinical concerns.Originality/valueThe authors explore the trade-offs between different dimensions of the quality (accuracy, decision relevance and standardization) and the cost of collecting and analysing cost information for disparate purposes.

scholarly journals Chinese Mitten Crabs (Eriocheir Sinensis) Could Act As Vehicles of Spreading Avian Influenza Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Ma ◽  
Chenyang Ren ◽  
Qingbiao Hu ◽  
Xiaodong Li ◽  
Yali Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs

Abstract Avian influenza virus (AIV) possessed significant risk to various animals and human health. Wild birds, especially waterfowls are considered to be the natural reservoir of AIVs. The ecology of AIV is still far from being fully understood. Chinese mitten crabs are nonnegligible biotic factor in AIV ecosystem. We analyzed the ability of Chinese mitten crabs accumulate and spread AIV. We found that AIV remain infectious in water only for 36 hours but persist in crabs for 48 hours. Crabs grills and gastrointestinal tracts accumulated AIV with higher titers than viral water. Crabs could accumulate AIV from contaminated water, carry the virus and spread to naïve crabs via surrounding water. Our study identified Chinese mitten crab as a novel transmission vehicle in AIV ecosystem.

Mechanics of Locomotion Energetics in Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards

2013 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Xiao Dong Zhang ◽  
Jian Qiao Li ◽  
Han Huang ◽  
Meng Zou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Chinese Mitten Crab ◽  
Flat Terrain ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs

The study on the locomotion mechanism in laboratory has defined performance limits for animals presently. But it is more significant for investigating mechanics of animals in their free state. In order to study the locomotion properties of Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards on one flat terrain and four kinds of rough terrains, a high speed 3-D video recording system was used to record motion video images of crabs. The gait pattern, average speeds, the mechanical energy of the mass center and percentage energy recovery were investigated with motion analysis system. The results showed that Chinese mitten crabs used alternating tetrapod gait on flat terrain and with increasing of terrain roughness, the regularity of gait tend to be less conspicuous. Crabs used two fundamental models of energy exchanging patterns: the inverted pendulum gait and the bouncing gait and the bouncing gait was the main energy saving and conserving pattern. Keywords-biomechanics, Chinese mitten crab, rough terrain, gait, mechanical energy, percentage energy recovery

scholarly journals STRUKTUR MODAL PERUSAHAAN-PERUSAHAAN NON KEUANGAN YANG TELAH GO PUBLIC DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA BERDASARKAN TRADE OFF THEORY

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Donalson Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Growth Opportunities ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Capital Structure

This study aims, First, to obtain the empirical evidence about the capital structure of non-financial firms in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Second, to obtain the empirical evidence about the impact of capital structure on the value of non-financial firms in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Third, to obtain the empirical evidence about the impact of profitability, size of the firm, growth opportunity, the structure of assets, and the cost of bankruptcy to capital structure of non-financial firms in Indonesia Stock Exchange. To achieve these objectives, conducted research on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Research conducted on 163 companies with the observation period in 2011. All the required data obtained from the Indonesian Capital Market Directory. Furthermore, to explain the determinants of capital structure of the firm to used the t and F test with alpha 10 percent. Based on the results of the study, the conclusions as follows: First, the capital structure of the firm has a negative and significant effect on the value of the firm. Second, there is no optimal capital structure on a non-financial corporations. Third, the size of the firm, the structure of assets, and the cost of bankruptcy have positive and significant effect on the capital structure of the firm. Fourth, profitability and the growth opportunities of the firm does not significantly influence to the capital structure. Fifth, variations in the profitability, size of the firm, growth opportunities, the structure of assets, and the cost of bankruptcy are able to explain the variations of capital structure 10,2 percent. Sixth, the coefficient towards research results influence the profitability and bankruptcy costs the company is not in accordance with the trade-offs theory.

scholarly journals A Risk-Based Approach for Selecting Software Requirements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruan Amaral ◽  
Gledson Elias
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Software Requirements ◽  
Incremental Development ◽  
Optimal Subset ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Satisfaction Evaluation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Balance Trade ◽  
The Impact

In incremental development approaches, there is a great interest in delivering system releases on-time and on-budget, raising the satisfaction level of the stakeholders involved in the development process. Thus, the software requirements selection process has a key role in identifying a good-enough or even an optimal subset of candidate requirements, which can balance trade-offs among critical aspects, such as project budget, requirements costs, customers’ preferences and their importance. Despite relevant contributions, current proposals do not address software risks involved in the development process, which represents another key aspect that can deeply impact on project cost and stakeholders’ satisfaction. In such a direction, this paper proposes a risk-based approach for selecting software requirements, in which a risk analysis is incorporated for estimating the impact of risks in the cost of the next release requirements and stakeholders’ satisfaction. Evaluation results based on a pilot use case reveal the potential practical applicability of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals The cost of chemical defence: the impact of toxin depletion on growth and behaviour of cane toads ( Rhinella marina )

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1902) ◽  
pp. 20190867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryann A. Blennerhassett ◽  
Kim Bell-Anderson ◽  
Richard Shine ◽  
Gregory P. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Substantial Cost ◽  
Rhinella Marina ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Impact

Many animals capable of deploying chemical defences are reluctant to use them, suggesting that synthesis of toxins imposes a substantial cost. Typically, such costs have been quantified by measuring the elevation in metabolic rate induced by toxin depletion (i.e. during replenishment of toxin stores). More generally, we might expect that toxin depletion will induce shifts in a broad suite of fitness-relevant traits. In cane toads ( Rhinella marina ), toxic compounds that protect against predators and pathogens are stored in large parotoid (shoulder) glands. We used correlational and experimental approaches in field and laboratory settings to investigate impacts of toxin depletion on growth rate and behaviour in cane toads. In free-ranging toads, larger toxin stores were associated with smaller gonads and livers, suggesting energetic trade-offs between toxin production and both reproduction and energy metabolism. Experimental removal of toxin (by manually squeezing parotoid glands) reduced rates of growth in body mass in both captive and free-ranging toads. Radio tracking demonstrated that de-toxined toads dispersed more slowly than did control toads. Given that toxin stores in cane toads take several months to fully replenish, deploying toxin to repel a predator may impose a substantial cost, explaining why toads use toxin only as a final line of defence.

Prevalence and Potential Pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chinese Mitten Crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) Harvested from the River Thames Estuary, England

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARIQA WAGLEY ◽  
KEGAKILWE KOOFHETHILE ◽  
RACHEL RANGDALE
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Alien Invasive Species ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Human Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Thermostable Direct Hemolysin ◽  
River Thames

Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) have been described as an alien invasive species in the River Thames, United Kingdom, and elsewhere in Europe. The crabs can cause considerable physical damage to the riverbeds and threaten native ecosystems. Trapping has been considered an option, but such attempts to control mitten crab populations in Germany in the 1930s failed. In the United Kingdom, it has been suggested that commercial exploitation of the species could be employed as a control option. This study was conducted as part of a larger program to assess the suitability of a commercial Chinese mitten crab fishery in the River Thames. Crabs and water samples from the River Thames between 2003 and 2006 were examined for the human pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. All samples throughout this testing period were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. The putative pathogenicity markers, thermostable direct hemolysin and thermostable direct–related hemolysin, were detected in one sample, indicating that the crabs possessed the potential to cause V. parahaemolyticus–associated illness if consumed without further processing. Levels of V. parahaemolyticus were higher during the summer than in the winter. This is the first study of V. parahaemolyticus prevalence in European-adapted Chinese mitten crabs.

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