Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: Comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO<sub>2</sub> level

Abstract. Dry deposition is a key process for surface ozone (O3) removal. Stomatal resistance is a major component of O3 dry deposition, which is parameterized differently in current land surface models and chemical transport models. We developed and used a standalone terrestrial biosphere model, driven by a unified set of prescribed meteorology, to evaluate two widely used dry deposition modeling frameworks, Wesely (1989) and Zhang et al. (2003), with different configurations of stomatal resistance: 1) the default multiplicative method in each deposition scheme; 2) the traditional photosynthesis-based Farquhar-Ball-Berry (FBB) stomatal algorithm; 3) the Medlyn stomatal algorithm based on an optimization theory. We found that using the FBB stomatal approach that captures ecophysiological responses to environmental factors, especially to water stress, can generally improve the simulated dry deposition velocities compared with multiplicative schemes. The Medlyn stomatal approach produces higher stomatal conductance (reverse of stomatal resistance) than FBB and is likely to overestimate dry deposition velocities for major vegetation types, but its performance is greatly improved when spatially varying slope parameters based on annual mean precipitation are used. Large discrepancies were also found in simulated stomatal responses to rising CO2 levels, and that multiplicative stomatal method with an empirical CO2 response function produces reduction (−35 %) in global stomatal conductance, which is much larger than that with photosynthesis-based stomatal method (−14–19 %) when atmospheric CO2 level increases from 390 ppm to 550 ppm. Our results show the potential biases in O3 sink caused by errors in model structure especially in the Wesely dry deposition scheme, and the importance of using photosynthesis-based representation of stomatal resistance in dry deposition schemes under a changing climate and rising CO2 concentration.

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Implementation of Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere model v1.0 into GEOS-Chem v12.0.0: a tool for biosphere–chemistry interactions

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-13-1137-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1137-1153 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yadong Lei ◽

Xu Yue ◽

Hong Liao ◽

Cheng Gong ◽

Lin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Transport Model ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Eastern China ◽

Deposition Velocity ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

Terrestrial Biosphere ◽

Area Index

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere and atmospheric chemistry interact through multiple feedbacks, but the models of vegetation and chemistry are developed separately. In this study, the Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere (YIBs) model, a dynamic vegetation model with biogeochemical processes, is implemented into the Chemical Transport Model GEOS-Chem (GC) version 12.0.0. Within this GC-YIBs framework, leaf area index (LAI) and canopy stomatal conductance dynamically predicted by YIBs are used for dry deposition calculation in GEOS-Chem. In turn, the simulated surface ozone (O3) by GEOS-Chem affect plant photosynthesis and biophysics in YIBs. The updated stomatal conductance and LAI improve the simulated O3 dry deposition velocity and its temporal variability for major tree species. For daytime dry deposition velocities, the model-to-observation correlation increases from 0.69 to 0.76, while the normalized mean error (NME) decreases from 30.5 % to 26.9 % using the GC-YIBs model. For the diurnal cycle, the NMEs decrease by 9.1 % for Amazon forests, 6.8 % for coniferous forests, and 7.9 % for deciduous forests using the GC-YIBs model. Furthermore, we quantify the damaging effects of O3 on vegetation and find a global reduction of annual gross primary productivity by 1.5 %–3.6 %, with regional extremes of 10.9 %–14.1 % in the eastern USA and eastern China. The online GC-YIBs model provides a useful tool for discerning the complex feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and the terrestrial biosphere under global change.

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Ozone deposition impact assessments for forest canopies require accurate ozone flux partitioning on diurnal timescales

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (24) ◽

pp. 18393-18411

Author(s):

Auke J. Visser ◽

Laurens N. Ganzeveld ◽

Ignacio Goded ◽

Maarten C. Krol ◽

Ivan Mammarella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Land Surface ◽

Large Scale ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Ozone Uptake ◽

Ozone Deposition ◽

Ozone Flux

Abstract. Dry deposition is an important sink of tropospheric ozone that affects surface concentrations and impacts crop yields, the land carbon sink, and the terrestrial water cycle. Dry deposition pathways include plant uptake via stomata and non-stomatal removal by soils, leaf surfaces, and chemical reactions. Observational studies indicate that ozone deposition exhibits substantial temporal variability that is not reproduced by atmospheric chemistry models due to a simplified representation of vegetation uptake processes in these models. In this study, we explore the importance of stomatal and non-stomatal uptake processes in driving ozone dry deposition variability on diurnal to seasonal timescales. Specifically, we compare two land surface ozone uptake parameterizations – a commonly applied big leaf parameterization (W89; Wesely, 1989) and a multi-layer model (MLC-CHEM) constrained with observations – to multi-year ozone flux observations at two European measurement sites (Ispra, Italy, and Hyytiälä, Finland). We find that W89 cannot reproduce the diurnal cycle in ozone deposition due to a misrepresentation of stomatal and non-stomatal sinks at our two study sites, while MLC-CHEM accurately reproduces the different sink pathways. Evaluation of non-stomatal uptake further corroborates the previously found important roles of wet leaf uptake in the morning under humid conditions and soil uptake during warm conditions. The misrepresentation of stomatal versus non-stomatal uptake in W89 results in an overestimation of growing season cumulative ozone uptake (CUO), a metric for assessments of vegetation ozone damage, by 18 % (Ispra) and 28 % (Hyytiälä), while MLC-CHEM reproduces CUO within 7 % of the observation-inferred values. Our results indicate the need to accurately describe the partitioning of the ozone atmosphere–biosphere flux over the in-canopy stomatal and non-stomatal loss pathways to provide more confidence in atmospheric chemistry model simulations of surface ozone mixing ratios and deposition fluxes for large-scale vegetation ozone impact assessments.

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Implementation of Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere model version 1.0 into GEOS-Chem version 12.0.0: a tool for biosphere-chemistry interactions

10.5194/gmd-2019-281 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yadong Lei ◽

Xu Yue ◽

Hong Liao ◽

Cheng Gong ◽

Lin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Transport Model ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Eastern China ◽

Deposition Velocity ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

Terrestrial Biosphere ◽

Area Index

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere and atmospheric chemistry interact through multiple feedbacks, but the models of vegetation and chemistry are developed separately. In this study, the Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere (YIBs) model, a dynamic vegetation model with biogeochemical processes, is implemented into the Chemical Transport Model GEOS-Chem version 12.0.0. Within the GC-YIBs framework, leaf area index (LAI) and canopy stomatal conductance dynamically predicted by YIBs are used for dry deposition calculation in GEOS-Chem. In turn, the simulated surface ozone (O3) by GEOS-Chem affect plant photosynthesis and biophysics in YIBs. The updated stomatal conductance and LAI improve the simulated daytime O3 dry deposition velocity for major tree species. Compared with the GEOS-Chem model, the model-to-observation correlation for dry deposition velocities increases from 0.76 to 0.85 while the normalized mean error decreases from 35 % to 27 % using the GC-YIBs model. Furthermore, we quantify O3 vegetation damaging effects and find a global reduction of annual gross primary productivity by 2–5 %, with regional extremes of 11–15 % in the eastern U.S. and eastern China. The online GC-YIBs model provides a useful tool for discerning the complex feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and terrestrial biosphere under global change.

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Observations of reactive nitrogen oxide fluxes by eddy covariance above two mid-latitude North American mixed hardwood forests

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-13-27891-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 27891-27936

Author(s):

J. A. Geddes ◽

J. G. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Oxide ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Land Surface ◽

Hardwood Forest ◽

Reactive Nitrogen ◽

Canopy Exchange ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Deposition Velocities ◽

Channel Analyzer

Abstract. Significant knowledge gaps persist in the understanding of forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen oxides, partly due to a lack of direct observations. Chemical transport models require representations of dry deposition over a variety of land surface types, and the role of canopy exchange of NOx (= NO + NO2) is highly uncertain. Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of NOx and NOy (= NOx + HNO3 + PANs + RONO2 + pNO3− + ...) was measured by eddy covariance above a mixed hardwood forest in central Ontario (HFWR), and a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan (PROPHET) during the summers of 2011 and 2012 respectively. NOx and NOy mixing ratios were measured by a custom built two-channel analyzer based on chemiluminescence, with selective NO2 conversion via LED photolysis and NOy conversion via a hot molybdenum converter. Consideration of interferences from water and O3, and random uncertainty of the calculated fluxes are discussed. NOy flux observations were predominantly of deposition at both locations. The magnitude of deposition scaled with NOy mixing ratios, resulting in campaign-average deposition velocities close to 0.6 cm s−1 at both locations. A~period of highly polluted conditions (NOy concentrations up to 18 ppb) showed distinctly different flux characteristics than the rest of the campaign. Integrated daily average NOy flux was 0.14 mg (N) m−2 day−1 and 0.34 mg (N) m−2 day−1 at HFWR and PROPHET respectively. Concurrent wet deposition measurements were used to estimate the contributions of dry deposition to total reactive nitrogen oxide inputs, found to be 22% and 40% at HFWR and PROPHET, respectively.

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A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 2067-2082 ◽

Cited By ~ 368

Author(s):

L. Zhang ◽

J. R. Brook ◽

R. Vet

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Stomatal Resistance ◽

Model Output ◽

Gaseous Species ◽

Area Index ◽

Quality Models ◽

Deposition Velocities ◽

Study Results ◽

Land Types

Abstract. A parameterization scheme for calculating gaseous dry deposition velocities in air-quality models is revised based on recent study results on non-stomatal uptake of O3 and SO2 over 5 different vegetation types. Non-stomatal resistance, which includes in-canopy aerodynamic, soil and cuticle resistances, for SO2 and O3 is parameterized as a function of friction velocity, relative humidity, leaf area index, and canopy wetness. Non-stomatal resistance for other chemical species is scaled to those of SO2 and O3 based on their chemical and physical characteristics. Stomatal resistance is calculated using a two-big-leaf stomatal resistance sub-model for all gaseous species of interest. The improvements in the present model compared to its earlier version include a newly developed non-stomatal resistance formulation, a realistic treatment of cuticle and ground resistance in winter, and the handling of seasonally-dependent input parameters. Model evaluation shows that the revised parameterization can provide more realistic deposition velocities for both O3 and SO2, especially for wet canopies. Example model output shows that the parameterization provides reasonable estimates of dry deposition velocities for different gaseous species, land types and diurnal and seasonal variations. Maximum deposition velocities from model output are close to reported measurement values for different land types. The current parameterization can be easily adopted into different air-quality models that require inclusion of dry deposition processes.

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Observations of reactive nitrogen oxide fluxes by eddy covariance above two midlatitude North American mixed hardwood forests

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-14-2939-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 2939-2957 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. A. Geddes ◽

J. G. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Oxide ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Land Surface ◽

Hardwood Forest ◽

Reactive Nitrogen ◽

Canopy Exchange ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Deposition Velocities ◽

Wildlife Reserve

Abstract. Significant knowledge gaps persist in the understanding of forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen oxides, partly due to a lack of direct observations. Chemical transport models require representations of dry deposition over a variety of land surface types, and the role of canopy exchange of NOx (= NO + NO2) is highly uncertain. Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of NOx and NOy (= NOx + HNO3 + PANs + RONO2 + pNO3− + ...) was measured by eddy covariance above a mixed hardwood forest in central Ontario (Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve, or HFWR), and a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan (Program for Research on Oxidants: Photochemistry, Emissions and Transport, or PROPHET) during the summers of 2011 and 2012 respectively. NOx and NOy mixing ratios were measured by a custom-built two-channel analyser based on chemiluminescence, with selective NO2 conversion via LED photolysis and NOy conversion via a hot molybdenum converter. Consideration of interferences from water vapour and O3, and random uncertainty of the calculated fluxes are discussed. NOy flux observations were predominantly of deposition at both locations. In general, the magnitude of deposition scaled with NOy mixing ratios. Average midday (12:00–16:00) deposition velocities at HFWR and PROPHET were 0.20 ± 0.25 and 0.67 ± 1.24 cm s−1 respectively. Average nighttime (00:00–04:00) deposition velocities were 0.09 ± 0.25 cm s−1 and 0.08 ± 0.16 cm s−1 respectively. At HFWR, a period of highly polluted conditions (NOy concentrations up to 18 ppb) showed distinctly different flux characteristics than the rest of the campaign. Integrated daily average NOy flux was −0.14 mg (N) m−2 day−1 and −0.34 mg (N) m−2 day−1 (net deposition) at HFWR and PROPHET respectively. Concurrent wet deposition measurements were used to estimate the contributions of dry deposition to total reactive nitrogen oxide inputs, found to be 22 and 40% at HFWR and PROPHET respectively.

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A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-3-1777-2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1777-1804 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

L. Zhang ◽

J. R. Brook ◽

R. Vet

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Stomatal Resistance ◽

Model Output ◽

Gaseous Species ◽

Area Index ◽

Quality Models ◽

Deposition Velocities ◽

Study Results ◽

Land Types

Abstract. A parameterization scheme for calculating gaseous dry deposition velocities in air-quality models is revised based on recent study results on non-stomatal uptake of O3 and SO2 over 5 different vegetation types. Non-stomatal resistance, which includes in-canopy aerodynamic resistance, soil resistance and cuticle resistance, for SO2 and O3 is parameterized as a function of friction velocity, relative humidity, leaf area index, and canopy wetness. Non-stomatal resistance for all other species is scaled to those of SO2 and O3 based on their chemical and physical characteristics. Stomatal resistance is calculated using a leaf-stomatal-resistance model for all gaseous species of interest. The improvements in the present model compared to its earlier version include a newly developed non-stomatal resistance formulation, a realistic treatment of cuticle and ground resistance in winter and the handling of seasonally-dependent input parameters. Model evaluation shows that the revised parameterization can provide more realistic deposition velocities for both O3 and SO2, especially for wet canopies. Example model output shows that the parameterization provides reasonable estimates of dry deposition velocities for different gaseous species, land types and diurnal and seasonal variations. Maximum deposition velocities from model output are close to reported measurement values for different land types. The current parameterization can be easily adopted into different air-quality models that require inclusion of dry deposition processes.

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Chemistry and deposition in the Model of Atmospheric composition at Global and Regional scales using Inversion Techniques for Trace gas Emissions (MAGRITTE v1.0). Part B. Dry deposition

10.5194/gmd-2018-317 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jean-François Müller ◽

Trissevgeni Stavrakou ◽

Maite Bauwens ◽

Steven Compernolle ◽

Jozef Peeters

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Activity Coefficients ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Stomatal Resistance ◽

Atmospheric Composition ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Trace Gas Emissions ◽

Deposition Velocities ◽

Inversion Techniques

Abstract. A new module for calculating the dry deposition of trace gases is presented and implemented in the Model of Atmospheric composition at Global and Regional scales using Inversion Techniques for Trace gas Emissions (MAGRITTE v1.0). The dry deposition velocities are calculated using Wesely's classical resistance-in-series approach. While relying on analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for meteorological fields, the aerodynamic resistance calculation module is based on the ECMWF model equations for turbulent transfer within the surface layer. The stomatal resistance for water vapour is calculated using a Jarvis-type parameterization in a multi-layer canopy environment model accounting for the leaf area index (LAI). The gas-phase diffusion coefficients needed to relate the stomatal resistances of different species are calculated from molecular structure. The cuticular, mesophyll and soil resistances depend on the species reactivity and Henry's Law constant (HLC). The HLCs of organic species for which no experimental data is available are estimated using a newly-developed prediction method based on existing methods for vapour pressures (EVAPORATION, Estimation of VApour Pressure of Organics) and infinite dilution activity coefficients (AIOMFAC, Aerosol Inorganic Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients). Acknowledging the dominance of stomatal uptake for ozone dry deposition, the stomatal resistance model parameters for 6 of the 7 major plant functional types (PFT) are adjusted based on extensive model comparisons with field measurements of ozone deposition velocity at 24 sites worldwide. The modelled OVOC deposition velocities for 25 different OVOCs are evaluated against field data from a total of 20 studies. The comparison shows the need for a species-dependent adjustment of the canopy resistances in order to match the observed variability among different species. This is realized by multiplying the HLC of each OVOC by a species-dependent parameter f1 adjusted based on the comparisons. The values of f1 span a wide range, from values of the order of unity or less for formaldehyde and several trifunctional compounds, to > 104 for compounds seen to deposit rapidly despite their low water-solubility, like MVK, MACR, CH3CHO and PAN. Despite the acknowledged caveats of the approach, the resulting modelled deposition velocities are consistent with the existing experimental data. The results of global-scale MAGRITTE model simulations demonstrate the importance of OVOC dry deposition on their global abundance. It is found to remove from the atmosphere the equivalent of 27 % of the global NMVOC emissions on a carbon basis, as well as about 8 % of NOx emissions in the form of organic nitrates and PAN-like compounds.

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Update and evaluation of the ozone dry deposition in Oslo CTM3 v1.0

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-12-4705-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 4705-4728 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stefanie Falk ◽

Amund Søvde Haslerud

Keyword(s):

Dry Deposition ◽

Surface Resistance ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Canopy Resistance ◽

Ozone Concentrations ◽

Deposition Velocities ◽

The Future ◽

The Impact

Abstract. High concentrations of ozone in ambient air are hazardous not only to humans but to the ecosystem in general. The impact of ozone damage on vegetation and agricultural plants in combination with advancing climate change may affect food security in the future. While the future scenarios in themselves are uncertain, there are limiting factors constraining the accuracy of surface ozone modeling also at present: the distribution and amount of ozone precursors and ozone-depleting substances, the stratosphere–troposphere exchange, as well as scavenging processes. Removal of any substance through gravitational settling or by uptake by plants and soil is referred to as dry deposition. The process of dry deposition is important for predicting surface ozone concentrations and understanding the observed amount and increase of tropospheric background ozone. The conceptual dry deposition velocities are calculated following a resistance-analogous approach, wherein aerodynamic, quasi-laminar, and canopy resistance are key components, but these are hard to measure explicitly. We present an update of the dry deposition scheme implemented in Oslo CTM3. We change from a purely empirical dry deposition parameterization to a more process-based one which takes the state of the atmosphere and vegetation into account. We examine the sensitivity of the scheme to various parameters, e.g., the stomatal conductance-based description of the canopy resistance and the choice of ozone surface resistance, and evaluate the resulting modeled ozone dry deposition with respect to observations and multi-model studies. Individual dry deposition velocities are now available for each land surface type and agree generally well with observations. We also estimate the impact on the modeled ozone concentrations at the surface. We show that the global annual total ozone dry deposition decreases with respect to the previous model version (−37 %), leading to an increase in surface ozone of more than 100 % in some regions. While high sensitivity to changes in dry deposition to vegetation is found in the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere, the largest impact on global scales is associated with the choice of prescribed ozone surface resistance over the ocean and deserts.

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Ozone deposition impact assessments for forest canopies require accurate ozone flux partitioning on diurnal timescales

10.5194/acp-2021-670 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Auke J. Visser ◽

Laurens N. Ganzeveld ◽

Ignacio Goded ◽

Maarten C. Krol ◽

Ivan Mammarella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Land Surface ◽

Large Scale ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Ozone Uptake ◽

Ozone Deposition ◽

Ozone Flux

Abstract. Dry deposition is an important sink of tropospheric ozone that affects surface concentrations, and impacts crop yields, the land carbon sink and the terrestrial water cycle. Dry deposition pathways include plant uptake via stomata and nonstomatal removal by soils, leaf surfaces and chemical reactions. Observational studies indicate that ozone deposition exhibits substantial temporal variability that is not reproduced by atmospheric chemistry models due to a simplified representation of vegetation uptake processes in these models. In this study, we explore the importance of stomatal and non-stomatal uptake processes in driving ozone dry deposition variability on diurnal to seasonal timescales. Specifically, we compare two land surface ozone uptake parameterizations – a commonly applied ’big leaf’ parameterization (W89; Wesely, 1989) and a multi-layer model (MLC-CHEM) constrained with observations – to multi-year ozone flux observations at two European measurement sites (Ispra, Italy, and Hyytiälä, Finland). We find that W89 cannot reproduce the diurnal cycle in ozone deposition due to a mis-representation of stomatal and non-stomatal sinks at our two study sites, while MLC-CHEM accurately reproduces the different sink pathways. Evaluation of non-stomatal uptake further corroborates the previously found important roles of wet leaf uptake in the morning under humid conditions, and soil uptake during warm conditions. The misrepresentation of stomatal versus non-stomatal uptake in W89 results in an overestimation of growing-season cumulative ozone uptake (CUO), a metric for assessments of vegetation ozone damage, by 18 % (Ispra) and 28 % (Hyytiälä), while MLC-CHEM reproduces CUO within 7 % of the observation-inferred values. Our results indicate the need to accurately describe the partitioning of the ozone atmosphere-biosphere flux over the in-canopy stomatal and non-stomatal loss pathways to provide more confidence in atmospheric chemistry model simulations of surface ozone mixing ratios and deposition fluxes for large-scale vegetation ozone impact assessments.

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