Source mechanisms of seismic events during the 2018 eruption of Sierra Negra Volcano (Galapagos) determined by using polarization properties of complete (near-field and far-field) body waves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Nooshiri ◽  
Ivan Lokmer ◽  
Chris Bean ◽  
Andrew Bell ◽  
Martin Möllhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Intermediate Field ◽  
Source Mechanisms ◽  
Sierra Negra

<p>Sierra Negra is a basaltic shield volcano in the Galapagos Archipelago (Ecuador) and is the largest of the Galapagos volcanoes. The 2018 eruption was a complex event that included eruptive fissures opening on the northern rim and north-western flank. In this study, we report observations of seismic signals recorded on a temporary dense local network consisting of 14 seismometers and nearby permanent seismic stations, and analyze this data set to retrieve the source mechanisms of moderate pre- and co-eruptive seismic events (body-wave magnitude range of M3.5-5.3). Because of the shallow depths of the seismic events (<2 km) and short source-receiver distances (~1.5-10 km), that are comparable to or shorter than the wavelengths of radiated waves, the effect of near- and intermediate-field terms on dynamic displacements can be significant and hence the far-field assumption may not be well-suited for determining fault-plane solutions. Therefore, we pay special attention on the polarization properties of seismic waves excited at the near-field and intermediate-field ranges, and model and analyze complete displacement wave-fields to determine seismic sources. The source mechanism solutions are also interpreted in light of the volcanic unrest leading to the 2018 eruption, GPS observations, and reported regional centroid moment tensors.</p>

A note on discrepancies between local magnitude (ML) and microearthquake magnitude scales

1973 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-319
Author(s):  
Wayne Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Local Magnitude ◽  
Magnitude Scales ◽  
Spectrum Measurements

abstract A necessary correction for relating local network magnitude scales to Richter's local magnitude (ML) involves accounting for the shape of the far-field body-wave spectrum of the phases used for determining magnitude. When not corrected for, this effect causes errors of about one magnitude unit at ML ∼ 3 for some southern California earthquakes. The discrepancy should be comparable for ML > 3, but at smaller magnitudes will decrease with decreasing ML. It may be corrected for either by direct comparison of network scales with magnitudes determined from Wood-Anderson seismograms, or by spectrum measurements over a range of magnitudes. The nature of the discrepancy and the corrections required to account for it are demonstrated by an example, the aftershocks of the 1968 Borrego Mountain, California earthquake.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of InSAR and teleseismic observations to earthquake rupture segmentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (2) ◽  
pp. 875-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Steinberg ◽  
Henriette Sudhaus ◽  
Sebastian Heimann ◽  
Frank Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Robust Estimation ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Source Mechanisms

SUMMARY Earthquakes often rupture across more than one fault segment. If such rupture segmentation occurs on a significant scale, a simple point-source or one-fault model may not represent the rupture process well. As a consequence earthquake characteristics inferred, based on one-source assumptions, may become systematically wrong. This might have effects on follow-up analyses, for example regional stress field inversions and seismic hazard assessments. While rupture segmentation is evident for most Mw > 7 earthquakes, also smaller ones with 5.5 < Mw < 7 can be segmented. We investigate the sensitivity of globally available data sets to rupture segmentation and their resolution to reliably estimate the mechanisms in presence of segmentation. We focus on the sensitivity of InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) data in the static near-field and seismic waveforms in the far-field of the rupture and carry out non-linear and Bayesian optimizations of single-source and two-sources kinematic models (double-couple point sources and finite, rectangular sources) using InSAR and teleseismic waveforms separately. Our case studies comprises of four Mw 6–7 earthquakes: the 2009 L’Aquila and 2016 Amatrice (Italy) and the 2005 and 2008 Zhongba (Tibet) earthquakes. We contrast the data misfits of different source complexity by using the Akaike informational criterion (AIC). We find that the AIC method is well suited for data-driven inferences on significant rupture segmentation for the given data sets. This is based on our observation that an AIC-stated significant improvement of data fit for two-segment models over one-segment models correlates with significantly different mechanisms of the two source segments and their average compared to the single-segment mechanism. We attribute these modelled differences to a sufficient sensitivity of the data to resolve rupture segmentation. Our results show that near-field data are generally more sensitive to rupture segmentation of shallow earthquakes than far-field data but that also teleseismic data can resolve rupture segmentation in the studied magnitude range. We further conclude that a significant difference in the modelled source mechanisms for different segmentations shows that an appropriate choice of model segmentation matters for a robust estimation of source mechanisms. It reduces systematic biases and trade-off and thereby improves the knowledge on the rupture. Our study presents a strategy and method to detect significant rupture segmentation such that an appropriate model complexity can be used in the source mechanism inference. A similar, systematic investigation of earthquakes in the range of Mw 5.5–7 could provide important hazard-relevant statistics on rupture segmentation. In these cases single-source models introduce a systematic bias. Consideration of rupture segmentation therefore matters for a robust estimation of source mechanisms of the studied earthquakes.

Experimental Investigations of Sound From Flow Over Rough Surfaces

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Anderson ◽  
Devin O. Stewart ◽  
William K. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Rough Surfaces ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Directivity Pattern ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Flow Speeds ◽  
Source Mechanisms

Turbulent boundary layer flows over rough surfaces are known to produce elevated far-field acoustic sound levels. The nature by which surface irregularities alter the near-field surface pressures and subsequently affect the sound generation to the scattering of high wavenumber convective pressures to low wavenumber acoustic pressures, which is typically interpreted as a dipole-like source. The focus of the current investigation is the experimental interrogation of both near- and far-field pressures due to the flow over roughened surfaces in order to identify the source mechanisms and to validate physical models of roughness sound. For rough surfaces composed of large geometrical elements (defined by large Reynolds numbers based on roughness height and friction velocity), such as hemispheres and cubes, the measured near-field surfaces pressures indicate that the local interstitial flows become important in determining the sound radiation characteristics. In order to describe the aeroacoustic source region, scaling laws are developed for surface pressures at locations around the roughness elements for various roughness configurations and flow speeds. Relationships between surface pressures amongst the rough surface elements and far-field pressures measured at several directional aspects were examined to identify roughness sound source mechanisms. Measurements of a dipole directivity pattern and dipole efficiency factors obtained when normalizing radiated sound by surface pressures offer support to the scattering theories for roughness sound. Using existing pressure scattering models as a basis, an empirical model for roughness sound is generated.

scholarly journals Automatic 3D illumination-diagnosis method for large-N arrays: Robust data scanner and machine-learning feature provider

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. Q13-Q25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Chamarczuk ◽  
Michał Malinowski ◽  
Yohei Nishitsuji ◽  
Jan Thorbecke ◽  
Emilia Koivisto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Receiver Array

The main issues related to passive-source reflection imaging with seismic interferometry (SI) are inadequate acquisition parameters for sufficient spatial wavefield sampling and vulnerability of surface arrays to the dominant influence of the omnipresent surface-wave sources. Additionally, long recordings provide large data volumes that require robust and efficient processing methods. We address these problems by developing a two-step wavefield evaluation and event detection (TWEED) method of body waves in recorded ambient noise. TWEED evaluates the spatiotemporal characteristics of noise recordings by simultaneous analysis of adjacent receiver lines. We test our method on synthetic data representing transient ambient-noise sources at the surface and in the deeper subsurface. We discriminate between basic types of seismic events by using three adjacent receiver lines. Subsequently, we apply TWEED to 600 h of ambient noise acquired with an approximately 1000-receiver array deployed over an active underground mine in Eastern Finland. We develop the detection of body-wave events related to mine blasts and other routine mining activities using a representative 1 h noise panel. Using TWEED, we successfully detect 1093 body-wave events in the full data set. To increase the computational efficiency, we use slowness parameters derived from the first step of TWEED as input to a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Using this approach, we detect 94% of the TWEED-evaluated body-wave events indicating the possibility to limit the illumination analysis to only one step, and therefore increase the time efficiency at the price of lower detection rate. However, TWEED on a small volume of the recorded data followed by SVM on the rest of the data could be efficiently used for a quick and robust (real-time) scanning for body-wave energy in large data volumes for subsequent application of SI for retrieval of reflections.

scholarly journals Near-Field Body-Wave Extraction From Ambient Seafloor Noise in the Nankai Subduction Zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tonegawa ◽  
Toshinori Kimura ◽  
Eiichiro Araki
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waves ◽  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Accretionary Prism ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Apparent Velocity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Nankai Subduction Zone

Ambient noise correlation is capable of retrieving waves propagating between two receivers. Although waves retrieved using this technique are primarily surface waves, the retrieval of body waves, including direct, refracted, and reflected waves, has also been reported from land-based observations. The difficulty of body wave extraction may be caused by large amplitudes and little attenuation of surface waves excited by microseisms, indicating that body wave extraction using seafloor records is very challenging because microseisms are generated in ocean areas and large amplitudes of surface waves are presumably observed at the seafloor. In this study, we used a unique dataset acquired by dense arrays deployed in the Nankai subduction zone, including a permanent cabled-network of 49 stations, a borehole sensor, and 150 temporary stations, to attempt to extract near-field body waves from ambient seafloor noise observed by multivariate sensors of broadband and short-period seismometers, differential pressure gauges (DPGs), and hydrophones. Our results show that P waves are extracted only in the DPG-record correlations at a frequency of 0.2–0.5 Hz, which can be seen up to a separation distance of two stations of 17 km with an apparent velocity of 3.2 km/s. At 1–3 Hz, P waves are observed only in the vertical-record correlations up to a separation distance of 11 km with an apparent velocity of 2.0 km/s. These velocity differences reflect the vertical velocity gradient of the accretionary prism, because the P waves at low frequencies propagate at relatively long distances and therefore the turning depth is greater. Moreover, the long-period and short-period P waves are observed at the slope and flat regions on the accretionary prism, respectively. To investigate the retrieved wavefield characteristics, we conducted a two-dimensional numerical simulation for wave propagations, where we located single sources at the sea surface above the flat and slope bathymetry regions. Based on our observations and simulations, we suggest that the retrieval of near-field body waves from ambient seafloor noises depends on the relative amplitudes of P and other surface waves in the ambient noise wavefield, and those are controlled by the subseafloor velocity structure, seafloor topography, and water depth.

scholarly journals t* for S waves with a continental ray path

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1030
Author(s):  
L. J. Burdick
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Lateral Asymmetry ◽  
Deep Earthquake ◽  
Data Set ◽  
S Waves ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wave Forms ◽  
Ray Path

abstract The purpose of this study was to determine t* for S waves with ray paths under the continental United States. The data set consists of long- and short-period body waves from the Borrego Mountain earthquake as observed in the northeastern U.S. The P wave forms are dominated by the sP phase and the SH wave forms by the sS. It is assumed that there are no losses in pure compression so that the relative attenuation rate of P and S waves is known. The initial source radiation is determined from the sP phase and the value of tβ* from the spectral content of the S wave. The results indicate that tβ* is 5.2 ± 0.7 sec along this ray path. Long- and short-period body waves from some deep South American events are used to test for lateral asymmetry of the Q distribution under the U.S. No lateral amplitude variation exists in this data, but this result is difficult to correlate with many previous results. The t°* value for a 600-km deep earthquake appears to be about 3 sec. A comparison of these values with values computed from current models of the Earth's Q distribution indicates that the models are slightly too high in Q overall and that more of the total body-wave attenuation occurs above 600 km than is indicated by the models.

Constraints on the mantle transition zone structure using triplicated body waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Bissig ◽  
Amir Khan ◽  
Domenico Giardini
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Body Wave ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Mantle Structure ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mantle Transition Zone ◽  
Mantle Mineral

<p>The mantle transition zone (MTZ) is bounded by seismic discontinuities at average depths of 410 km and 660 km, which are generally associated with major mantle mineral transformations. A body wave impinging from above on these discontinuities develops a refracted and reflected branch, leading to multiple arrivals of the same wavetype within a short time window. These so-called triplicated body waves are observed at regional epicentral distances (15-30°) and carry information on MTZ structure due to their strong interaction with the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities. Careful data selection and processing as well as the assessment of source parameters are necessary steps in obtaining a high quality triplication data set. In this study, we consider recordings of events in Central America at permanent and transportable USArray stations, which are inverted for mantle structure. Our methodology is based on a joint consideration of mineral physics and seismic data in a probabilistic inversion framework and allows for determination of mantle thermo-chemical and seismic velocity structure. We present constraints on the mantle structure underneath the Gulf of Mexico.</p>

Magnetic Tag Antenna for UHF Near-field and Far-Field RFID Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Mondher Dhaouadi ◽  
M. Mabrouk ◽  
T. Vuong ◽  
A. Ghazel
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Rfid Applications
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