FTIR-based spectral line data of the v3 band of NO2 at 6.3 µm and multi-component impurity analysis of NO2 reference gases within the scope of the EMPIR MetNO2 project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Li ◽  
Viktor Werwein ◽  
Alexandra Lüttschwager ◽  
Mi Eon Kim ◽  
Javis Nwaboh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Spectral Line ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Molecular Spectroscopy ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Impurity Analysis ◽  
Time Calibration ◽  
Applied Optics

<p>Air pollution causes hundreds of thousands of premature deaths every year in Europe [1]. Traffic related Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is a key contributor whose concentration is legislated by the Ambient Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008) [2] and the air quality guidelines (AQGs) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Atmospheric NO<sub>2</sub> concentration has been widely measured by national, regional and global monitoring networks using different instrumentations. SI-traceability is essential to assure data comparability across networks, underpinning long term trend of ambient NO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>Traceable and accurate spectral line data [3,4] of NO<sub>2</sub> is essential for optical sensing of NO<sub>2 </sub>using in situ [5] and satellite-based equipment. In particular, it is essential for cost-effective light-weight systems with payload restrictions (e.g. TDLAS system [6], e.g. when installed on drones and balloons for which real time calibration using gas cylinders quickly becomes a burden). Within the scope of the EMPIR (The European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research) MetNO<sub>2</sub> project [7], spectroscopic measurements of the selected NO<sub>2</sub> CRM (certified reference material) has been carried out using the FTIR infrastructure at PTB to a) derive traceable line data of NO<sub>2</sub>; b) quantify the amount of impurities, such as HNO<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, NO, N<sub>2</sub>O, CO, H<sub>2</sub>O, etc. Here, we report the line intensity and air-broadening coefficients of the 6.3µm v<sub>3</sub> band of NO<sub>2</sub>. FTIR-based impurity analysis including their temporal evolution will also be presented.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgement</strong></p><p>MK and GL thank for technical support from Kai-Oliver Krauss. This work has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. PTB is member of the European Metrology Network for Climate and Ocean Observation (https://www.euramet.org/european-metrology-networks/climate-and-ocean-observation/).</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>[1] Air quality Europe – 2019 report.  EEA Report No 10/2019. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2019</p><p>[2] Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/policy-documents/directive-2008-50-ec-of</p><p>[3] V. Werwein, J. Brunzendorf, G. Li, A. Serdyukov, O. Werhahn, V. Ebert.  Applied Optics 56 (2017)</p><p>[4] V. Werwein, G. Li, J. Brunzendorf, A. Serdyukov, O.Werhahn, V. Ebert. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 348, 68-78(2017).</p><p>[5] O. Werhahn O, J.C. Petersen (eds.) 2010 TILSAM technical protocol V1_2010-09-29. Available from:                     http://www.euramet.org/fileadmin/docs/projects/934_METCHEM_Interim_Report.pdf.”</p><p>[6] J. A. Nwaboh, Z. Qu, O. Werhahn and V. Ebert, Applied Optics 56, E84-E93 (2017)</p><p>[7] EMPIR project 16ENV02, “Metrology for Nitrogen Dioxide (MetNO<sub>2</sub>)”, http://em-pir.npl.co.uk/metno2/</p>

scholarly journals An Assessment of Annual Mortality Attributable to Ambient PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel R. Fold ◽  
Mary R. Allison ◽  
Berkley C. Wood ◽  
Pham T. B. Thao ◽  
Sebastien Bonnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Air Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standards

Multiple studies indicate that PM2.5 is the most deleterious air pollutant for which there are ambient air quality standards. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand, continuously exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Thai National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs). Bangkok has only recently begun to measure concentrations of PM2.5. To overcome this paucity of data, daily PM2.5/PM10 ratios were generated over the period 2012–2018 to interpolate missing values. Concentration-response coefficients (β values) for PM2.5 versus non-accidental, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortalities were derived from the literature. Values were also estimated and were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature for a Chinese population, but considerably lower than those reported in the literature from the United States. These findings strongly suggest that specific regional β values should be used to accurately quantify the number of premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 in Asian populations. Health burden analysis using the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP) showed that PM2.5 concentration in Bangkok contributes to 4240 non-accidental, 1317 cardiopulmonary, and 370 lung cancer mortalities annually. Further analysis showed that the attainment of PM2.5 levels to the NAAQSs and WHO guideline would reduce annual premature mortality in Bangkok by 33%and 75%, respectively.

scholarly journals Urban Population Exposure to Air Pollution in Europe Over the Last Decades

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Sicard ◽  
Evgenios Agathokleous ◽  
Alessandra De Marco ◽  
Elena Paoletti ◽  
Vicent Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Air Quality Standards ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background - The paper presents an overview of air quality in the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (previous EU-28), from 2000 to 2017. We reviewed the progress made towards meeting the air quality standards established by the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives (Directive 2008/50/EC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines by estimating the trends (Mann-Kendal test) in national emissions of main air pollutants, urban population exposure to air pollution, and in mortality related to exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) and tropospheric ozone (O3). Results - Despite significant reductions of emissions (e.g. sulfur oxides: ~80%, nitrogen oxides: ~46%, non-methane volatile organic compounds: ~44%, particulate matters with a diameter lower than 2.5µm and 10µm: ~30%), the EU-28 urban population was exposed to PM2.5 and O3 levels widely exceeding the WHO limit values for the protection of human health. Between 2000 and 2017, the annual PM2.5-related number of deaths decreased (- 4.85 per 106 inhabitants) in line with a reduction of PM2.5 levels observed at urban air quality monitoring stations. The rising O3 levels became a major public health issue in the EU-28 cities where the annual O3-related number of premature deaths increased (+ 0.55 deaths per 106 inhabitants). Conclusions - To achieve the objectives of the Ambient Air Quality Directives and mitigate air pollution impacts, actions need to be urgently taken at all governance levels. In this context, greening and re‐naturing cities can help meet air quality standards, but also answer to social needs, as recently highlighted by the COVID-19 lockdowns.

Umfang und Grenzen der Luftreinhalteplanung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Berger
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Limit Value

Since the rulings of the Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) of 27 February 2018 on the Stuttgart and Düsseldorf air pollution control plans, diesel driving bans have become one of the best-known but also most controversial measures in the context of air pollution control planning. The reason for this is that the limit value for nitrogen dioxide, which is based on the requirements of the Ambient Air Quality Directive under EU law, is exceeded, particularly in conurbations. Taking into account the legal and administrative court requirements for the proportionality of traffic bans, the current challenges for the instrument of the air pollution control plan are shown and the implementation of planned measures in practice is examined on the basis of selected air pollution control plans.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Quality Monitoring: Impetus, Complexities, Challenges and Solutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
Rao Tatavarti
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
World Health ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Health Organization

The poor state of air quality all over the world in general, and across India in particular, is a cause for extreme concern as it is directly and indirectly linked to the deterioration of human health and economies of nations The many complexities and challenges posed by ambient air quality monitoring, prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to suggest a road map for all nations for the year 2020 -to arrive at a consensus for effective air quality monitoring by all stakeholders –nations and governments, regulatory and controlling bodies, NGOs, scientists and researchers and private citizens.

Nitrogen dioxide inside and outside 137 homes and implications for ambient air quality standards and health effects research

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Spengler ◽  
Colin P. Duffy ◽  
Richard. Letz ◽  
Theodore W. Tibbitts ◽  
Benjamin G. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Air Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standards

scholarly journals Opinion: Insights into updating Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50EC)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Kuula ◽  
Hilkka Timonen ◽  
Jarkko V. Niemi ◽  
Hanna Manninen ◽  
Topi Rönkkö ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Air Quality Guidelines

Abstract. As the evidence for the adverse health effects of air pollution continues to increase, World Health Organization (WHO) recently published its latest edition of the Global Air Quality Guidelines. Although not legally binding, the guidelines aim to provide a framework in which policymakers can combat air pollution by formulating evidence-based air quality management strategies. In the light of this, European Union has stated its intent to revise the current Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) to resemble closer to that of the newly published WHO guidelines. This article provides an informed opinion on selected features of the air quality directive that we believe would benefit from a reassessment. The selected features include discussion about 1) air quality sensors as a part of hierarchical observation network, 2) number of minimum sampling points and their siting criteria, and 3) new target air pollution parameters for future consideration.

scholarly journals Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Sicard ◽  
Evgenios Agathokleous ◽  
Alessandra De Marco ◽  
Elena Paoletti ◽  
Vicent Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Air Quality Standards ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background The paper presents an overview of air quality in the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (previous EU-28), from 2000 to 2017. We reviewed the progress made towards meeting the air quality standards established by the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives (European Council Directive 2008/50/EC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines by estimating the trends (Mann-Kendal test) in national emissions of main air pollutants, urban population exposure to air pollution, and in mortality related to exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) and tropospheric ozone (O3). Results Despite significant reductions of emissions (e.g., sulfur oxides: ~ 80%, nitrogen oxides: ~ 46%, non-methane volatile organic compounds: ~ 44%, particulate matters with a diameter lower than 2.5 µm and 10 µm: ~ 30%), the EU-28 urban population was exposed to PM2.5 and O3 levels widely exceeding the WHO limit values for the protection of human health. Between 2000 and 2017, the annual PM2.5-related number of deaths decreased (- 4.85 per 106 inhabitants) in line with a reduction of PM2.5 levels observed at urban air quality monitoring stations. The rising O3 levels became a major public health issue in the EU-28 cities where the annual O3-related number of premature deaths increased (+ 0.55 deaths per 106 inhabitants). Conclusions To achieve the objectives of the Ambient Air Quality Directives and mitigate air pollution impacts, actions need to be urgently taken at all governance levels. In this context, greening and re‐naturing cities and the implementation of fresh air corridors can help meet air quality standards, but also answer to social needs, as recently highlighted by the COVID-19 lockdowns.

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