Long-term air pollution exposure and diabetes risk in the elderly population.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health concern. We assessed the association between air pollution and first documented diabetes occurrence in a national U.S. cohort of Medicare enrollees to estimate incidence risk. Research design and methods: We included all Medicare enrollees 65 years and older in the fee-for-service program, part A and part B, in the contiguous United States (2000-2016). Participants were followed annually until the first recorded diabetes diagnosis, end of enrollment, or death. We obtained air pollution annual estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) exposures from highly spatiotemporally resolved prediction models. We assessed the simultaneous effect of the pollutants on diabetes incidence using Poisson survival analysis with adjustment for temporal and spatial confounders. We repeated the models in data restricted to ZIP codes with air pollution levels not exceeding the ambient air quality standards during the study period. Results: We have included 264,869,458 person-years of 41,780,637 people. We observed nonlinear associations between the three pollutants and diabetes, with larger risks at lower levels for PM2.5 and O3. When restricting the data to lower air pollution levels, an increased risk for diabetes (Incidence Rate Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] was associated with interquartile range (IQR) increases in PM2.5 (1.048 [1.045;1.051]), O3 (1.016 [1.014;1.18]), and NO2 (1.040 [1.037; 1.043]). Conclusion: We found increased diabetes risk associated with air pollution exposures. The observed effects remained in exposure levels below the national ambient air quality standards in the U.S.

A Systematic Review of Air Quality Sensors, Guidelines, and Measurement Studies for Indoor Air Quality Management

The existence of indoor air pollutants—such as ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and total volatile organic compounds—is evidently a critical issue for human health. Over the past decade, various international agencies have continually refined and updated the quantitative air quality guidelines and standards in order to meet the requirements for indoor air quality management. This paper first provides a systematic review of the existing air quality guidelines and standards implemented by different agencies, which include the Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS); the World Health Organization (WHO); the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH); the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE); the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); and the California ambient air quality standards (CAAQS). It then adds to this by providing a state-of-art review of the existing low-cost air quality sensor (LCAQS) technologies, and analyzes the corresponding specifications, such as the typical detection range, measurement tolerance or repeatability, data resolution, response time, supply current, and market price. Finally, it briefly reviews a sequence (array) of field measurement studies, which focuses on the technical measurement characteristics and their data analysis approaches.

An Assessment of Annual Mortality Attributable to Ambient PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand

Multiple studies indicate that PM2.5 is the most deleterious air pollutant for which there are ambient air quality standards. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand, continuously exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Thai National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs). Bangkok has only recently begun to measure concentrations of PM2.5. To overcome this paucity of data, daily PM2.5/PM10 ratios were generated over the period 2012–2018 to interpolate missing values. Concentration-response coefficients (β values) for PM2.5 versus non-accidental, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortalities were derived from the literature. Values were also estimated and were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature for a Chinese population, but considerably lower than those reported in the literature from the United States. These findings strongly suggest that specific regional β values should be used to accurately quantify the number of premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 in Asian populations. Health burden analysis using the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP) showed that PM2.5 concentration in Bangkok contributes to 4240 non-accidental, 1317 cardiopulmonary, and 370 lung cancer mortalities annually. Further analysis showed that the attainment of PM2.5 levels to the NAAQSs and WHO guideline would reduce annual premature mortality in Bangkok by 33%and 75%, respectively.

Use of air dispersion modelling to determine the impact of gas emissions from coal-fired boilers in South African Durban basin

The use of fossil fuel due to industrialisation has increased over time and resulted to atmospheric pollution. Industrial facilities utilise fossil fuel as a boiler fuel, pollutants like Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide are generated from the combustion process. Air pollution has been and continues to be a significant health hazard over the world. Exposure to air pollution is an issue of concern due to human health and the environment. Considering that air pollution is associated with a series of adverse health effects, it is important to predict emissions from boiler stack. The purpose of this study was to analyse the distribution of atmospheric emissions emanating from boilers in the South Durban Industrial Basin. Three boilers i.e. boilers 1, 3 and 4 were considered during this research. The study focuses on the distribution of Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide concentration emitted from coal fired boilers using Gaussian Dispersion Modelling. In this research, AERMOD, which is the dispersion modelling program approved by the US EPA, was used. The results of these modelling scenario were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The results depicted that the concentrations of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions from coal fired boilers were below the national ambient air quality standard, whereas the concentration of Particulate Matter emission in the vicinity of the receiving environment exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Nitrogen Oxide was released at 7.91 g/s whereas sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were released at 40.86 and 18.35 g/s respectively. However, the temperatures at which these gases were released were all the same (450.20 K). Boilers 3 and 4 shared a stack i.e. emission emanating from both boilers are emitted through a single point source. The stack diameters for boilers 3 and 4 (0.8 m and 1.2 m respectively) were lower than that of boiler 1 (2.6 m). Similarly, boilers 3 and 4 had less stack heights (27.5 m and 30.5 m respectively) in comparison with boiler 1 (47.5 m). For boiler 3, the rates at which nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were released were 2.26, 0.12 and 3.84 g/s respectively. On the hand, for boiler 4, nitrogen oxide was released at 14.5 g/s whereas sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were released at 5.54 and 26.23 g/s respectively. The exit velocities for boilers 1, 3 and 4 were 12.2, 7.1 and 17.5 m/s respectively. These velocities were achieved at temperatures of 450.2, 320 and 504 K respectively.

Determination of Air Pollutants Concentration from Ground Level Sources in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria.

This work focuses on measurements of concentration of gaseous emissions such as CO, S2O H2S and particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5 ) released from ground level sources at specified receptor points downwind. These sources were monitored using Altair Multi-gas and HAT 200 PM10 and PM2.5 detectors. From the selected sources monitored, Carbon Monoxide had the highest dispersion strength of 45%. An analysis of the concentrations show that refuse burning source has maximum concentrations of 111.2 mgm-3 for CO, 7.312 mgm-3 for SO2 , 5.342 mgm-3 for H2S, 0.542 mgm-3 for PM10 and 0.272 mgm-3 for PM2.5 respectively while minimum concentrations of 77.42 mgm-3 for CO, 0.52 mgm-3 for SO2 , 1.44 mgm-3 for H2S, 0.48 mgm-3 for PM10 and 0.14 mgm-3 for PM2.5 respectively were obtained from wood burning source. This shows that CO has the highest concentrations of the pollutants monitored. Correlation between modeled and measured concentrations showed that wood burning source has higher validity of the model with coefficients of regression R2 for CO, SO2 , H2S, PM10 and PM2.5 as 0.885, 0.848, 0.574, 0.861 and 0.715 respectively while refuse burning has the least measure of validity with coefficients of regression R2 for CO, SO2 , H2S, PM10 and PM2.5 as 0.363, 0.416, 0.416, 0.431, 0.572 and 0.284 respectively. Based on Ambient Air Quality Standards, refuse burning sources are most harmful of the sources investigated. A comparative environmental impact assessment of the sources reveals that they are unsafe for selected pollutants. For CO (1 hour time average, the safe limit is 40mg/m3), SO2 (1 hour time average, the safe limit is 0.35040mg/m3) and H2S (1 hour time average, the safe limit is 0.04240mg/m3).

APLIKASI ALAT UKUR PARTIKULAT DAN SUHU BERBASIS IOT

Human daily life depends on air, so air quality needs to be protected especially against pollution. Decreasing air quality due to dust pollution can result in ARI. Makes it easier to measure ambient air and air temperature using internet-based technology. Designing internet-based dust and temperature measuring devices using the gp2y1010au0f type dust sensor, and DHS11 sensor as a temperature sensor, amplifier circuit, NodemCU microcontroller, and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The measurement application is carried out at the location of the PT. Djabus Tunas Utama Ngoro Mojokerto East Java at 10 sampling points around the mixing tube. The measurement results show the concentration carried by ambient air quality standards when the engine stops, so it is safe for employees. When the machine is mixing and the machine is not mixing (ordinary conditions) the concentration of particulates and the temperature exceeds the ambient air quality standard, for that all employees are required to use PPE.

Senyawa Toksik Pencemar Udara: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

AbstrakPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) merupakan kelompok senyawa bersifat karsinogenik atau mutagenik, terutama benzo[a]pyrene. PAHs tersebar melalui proses dispersi atmosfer, sehingga dapat ditemukan di daerah yang jauh dari sumbernya. Sumber PAHs antara lain emisi batu bara, produksi aluminium, pemanas rumah, kegiatan memasak, kendaraan bermotor, kebakaran hutan, pembangkit listrik batubara dan pembakaran sampah. Deposisi kering, deposisi basah dan penguapan dari air serta tanah merupakan proses pertukaran PAHs udara, air, udara dan tanah. Paparan PAHs pada manusia terjadi melalui pernafasan, mulut dan penyerapan kulit. PAHs pada partikel-partikel udara kurang dari 10 µm (PM10) dapat terhirup dan selanjutnya terakumulasi pada sistem pernapasan manusia, sehingga menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan manusia. Baku mutu udara ambien senyawa toksik PAHs perlu ditetapkan untuk melindungi kesehatan masyarakat.Kata kunci: benzo[a]pyrene, karsinogenik, deposisi AbstractPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds, especially benzo[a]pyrene. PAHs are dispersed by atmospheric processes and found in the receptor area far from their sources. Coal emissions, aluminum production, home heating, cooking activities, motor vehicles, forest fires, coal-fired power plants and waste burning generate PAH emission. Meanwhile, PAHs exchanging process in air, water and soil occurs due to dry deposition, wet deposition and evaporation of water and soil. PAHs exposure to human body have several pathways through inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. PAHs in airborne particles of less than 10 µm (PM10) can be inhaled, subsequently accumulated in the human respiratory system, and cause human health problems. Ambient air quality standards for PAHs toxic compounds have to be established to protect public health.Keywords: benzo[a]pyrene, carcinogenic, deposition