Quantification of SO2 emission rates from the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii by the divergence of the SO2 flux using S5P-TROPOMI satellite measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Jost ◽  
Steffen Beirle ◽  
Steffen Dörner ◽  
Thomas Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
So2 Flux ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano ◽  
The One

<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>With a nearly continuously effusive eruption since 1983, the Kilauea volcano (Hawaii, USA) is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. At the beginning of May 2018, a sequence of eruptions on the Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) caused an enhanced outbreak of volcanic gases and aerosols, releasing them into the troposphere. Since these gases and particles affect climate, environment, traffic, and health on regional to global scales, a continuos monitoring of the emission rates is essential.</p> <p>As satellites provide the opportunity to observe and quantify the emissions remotely from space, their contribution to the monitoring of volcanoes is significant. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite was successfully launched by the end of 2017 and provides measurements with unprecedented level of details with a resolution of 3.5 x 7 km2. This also allows for an accurate retrieval of trace gas species such as volcanic SO2.</p> <p>Here, it will be shown that the location and strength of SO2 emissions from Kilauea can be determined by the divergence of the temporal mean SO2 flux. This approach, which is based on the continuity equation, has been demonstrated to work for NOX emissions of individual power plants (Beirle et al., Sci. Adv., 2019).</p> <p>The present state of our work indicates that emission maps of SO2 can be derived by the combination of satellite measurements and wind fields on high spatial resolution. As the divergence is highly sensitive on point sources like the erupting fissures in the 2018 Kilauea eruption, they can be localized very precisely. The obtained emission rates are slightly lower than the ones reported from ground-based measurements in other studies like the one from Kern et al. (Bull. Volcanol., 2020). The effects of suboptimal conditions like high cloud fractions on the method probably affect the derived emission rates and have to be further analyzed.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Estimating the volcanic emission rate and atmospheric lifetime of SO<sub>2</sub> from space: a case study for Kīlauea volcano, Hawai`i

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 8309-8322 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beirle ◽  
C. Hörmann ◽  
M. Penning de Vries ◽  
S. Dörner ◽  
C. Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano ◽  
Low Cloud

Abstract. We present an analysis of SO2 column densities derived from GOME-2 satellite measurements for the Kīlauea volcano (Hawai`i) for 2007–2012. During a period of enhanced degassing activity in March–November 2008, monthly mean SO2 emission rates and effective SO2 lifetimes are determined simultaneously from the observed downwind plume evolution and meteorological wind fields, without further model input. Kīlauea is particularly suited for quantitative investigations from satellite observations owing to the absence of interfering sources, the clearly defined downwind plumes caused by steady trade winds, and generally low cloud fractions. For March–November 2008, the effective SO2 lifetime is 1–2 days, and Kīlauea SO2 emission rates are 9–21 kt day−1, which is about 3 times higher than initially reported from ground-based monitoring systems.

scholarly journals Estimating the volcanic emission rate and atmospheric lifetime of SO<sub>2</sub> from space: a case study for Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 28695-28727 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beirle ◽  
C. Hörmann ◽  
M. Penning de Vries ◽  
S. Dörner ◽  
C. Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano ◽  
Low Cloud

Abstract. We present an analysis of SO2 column densities derived from GOME-2 satellite measurements for the Kīlauea volcano (Hawai'i) for 2007–2012. During a period of enhanced degassing activity in March–November 2008, monthly mean SO2 emission rates and effective SO2 lifetimes are determined simultaneously from the observed downwind plume evolution and ECMWF wind fields, without further model input. Kīlauea is particularly suited for quantitative investigations from satellite observations owing to the absence of interfering sources, the clearly defined downwind plumes caused by steady trade winds, and generally low cloud fractions. For March–November 2008, the effective SO2 lifetime is 1–2 days, and Kīlauea SO2 emission rates are 9–21 kt day−1, which is about 3 times higher than initially reported from ground-based monitoring systems.

scholarly journals Quantification of CO2 Emission Rates from Large Coal-Fired Power Plants Using Airborne Lidar during CoMet 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolff ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
Axel Amediek ◽  
Mathieu Quatrevalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Plant Emissions

&lt;p&gt;A large fraction of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions originates from localized point sources. International climate treaties foresee their independent monitoring. Given the high number of point sources and their global spatial distribution, local monitoring is challenging, whereas a global satellite-based observing system is advantageous. In this perspective, a promising measurement approach is active remote sensing by airborne lidar, such as provided by the integrated-path differential-absorption lidar CHARM-F. Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO, CHARM-F serves as a demonstrator for future satellite missions, e.g. MERLIN. CHARM-F simultaneously measures weighted vertical column mixing ratios of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; below the aircraft. In spring 2018, during the CoMet field campaign, measurements were taken at the largest European point sources of anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, i.e. coal-fired power plants and ventilation shafts of coal mines. The measurement flights aimed to transect isolated exhaust plumes, in order to derive the corresponding emission rates from the resulting enhancement in concentration, along the plume crossing. For the first time, multiple measurements of power plant emissions were made using airborne lidar. On average, we find that our measurements are consistent with reported numbers, but observe high discrepancies between successive plume crossings of up to 50 %. As an explanation for these high discrepancies, we assess the influence of inhomogeneity in the exhaust plume, caused by atmospheric turbulence. This assessment is based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). We find a pronounced diurnal cycle of plume inhomogeneity associated with local turbulence, predominately driven by midday solar irradiance. Our results reveal that periods of high turbulence, specifically during midday and afternoon, should be avoided whenever possible. Since lidar is intrinsically independent of sun light, measurements can be performed under conditions of weak turbulence, such as at night or in the early morning.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Measuring SO<sub>2</sub> ship emissions with an ultraviolet imaging camera

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1213-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Prata
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Surface Wind Speed ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Over the last few years fast-sampling ultraviolet (UV) imaging cameras have been developed for use in measuring SO2 emissions from industrial sources (e.g. power plants; typical emission rates ~ 1–10 kg s−1) and natural sources (e.g. volcanoes; typical emission rates ~ 10–100 kg s−1). Generally, measurements have been made from sources rich in SO2 with high concentrations and emission rates. In this work, for the first time, a UV camera has been used to measure the much lower concentrations and emission rates of SO2 (typical emission rates ~ 0.01–0.1 kg s−1) in the plumes from moving and stationary ships. Some innovations and trade-offs have been made so that estimates of the emission rates and path concentrations can be retrieved in real time. Field experiments were conducted at Kongsfjord in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, where SO2 emissions from cruise ships were made, and at the port of Rotterdam, Netherlands, measuring emissions from more than 10 different container and cargo ships. In all cases SO2 path concentrations could be estimated and emission rates determined by measuring ship plume speeds simultaneously using the camera, or by using surface wind speed data from an independent source. Accuracies were compromised in some cases because of the presence of particulates in some ship emissions and the restriction of single-filter UV imagery, a requirement for fast-sampling (> 10 Hz) from a single camera. Despite the ease of use and ability to determine SO2 emission rates from the UV camera system, the limitation in accuracy and precision suggest that the system may only be used under rather ideal circumstances and that currently the technology needs further development to serve as a method to monitor ship emissions for regulatory purposes. A dual-camera system or a single, dual-filter camera is required in order to properly correct for the effects of particulates in ship plumes.

scholarly journals Observing and Forecasting Vog Dispersion from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1667-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Businger ◽  
Roy Huff ◽  
Andre Pattantyus ◽  
Keith Horton ◽  
A. Jeff Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract Emissions from Kīlauea volcano, known locally as “vog” for volcanic smog, pose significant environmental and health risks to the Hawaiian community. The Vog Measurement and Prediction (VMAP) project was conceived to help mitigate the negative impacts of Kīlauea’s emissions. To date, the VMAP project has achieved the following milestones: i) created a custom application of the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT, hereafter Vog model) to produce statewide forecasts of the concentration and dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate aerosol from Kīlauea volcano; ii) developed an ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer array to provide near-real-time volcanic gas emission rate measurements for use as input into the Vog model; iii) developed and deployed a stationary array of ambient SO2 and meteorological sensors to record the spatial characteristics of Kīlauea’s gas plume in high temporal and spatial resolution for model verification; and iv) developed web-based tools to facilitate the dissemination of observations and model forecasts to provide guidance for safety officials and the public, and to raise awareness of the potential hazards of volcanic emissions to respiratory health, agriculture, and general aviation. Wind fields and thermodynamic data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model provide input to the Vog model, with a statewide grid spacing of 3 km and a 1-km grid covering the island of Hawaii. Validation of the Vog model forecasts is accomplished with reference to data from Hawaii State Department of Health ground-based air quality monitors. VMAP results show that this approach can provide useful guidance for the people of Hawaii.

scholarly journals Determination of the emission rates of CO<sub>2</sub> point sources with airborne lidar

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 2717-2736
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolff ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
Axel Amediek ◽  
Mathieu Quatrevalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Cross

Abstract. Anthropogenic point sources, such as coal-fired power plants, produce a major share of global CO2 emissions. International climate agreements demand their independent monitoring. Due to the large number of point sources and their global spatial distribution, the implementation of a satellite-based observation system is convenient. Airborne active remote sensing measurements demonstrate that the deployment of lidar is promising in this respect. The integrated path differential absorption lidar CHARM-F is installed on board an aircraft in order to detect weighted column-integrated dry-air mixing ratios of CO2 below the aircraft along its flight track. During the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission (CoMet) in spring 2018, airborne greenhouse gas measurements were performed, focusing on the major European sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, i.e., large coal-fired power plants. The flights were designed to transect isolated exhaust plumes. From the resulting enhancement in the CO2 mixing ratios, emission rates can be derived via the cross-sectional flux method. On average, our results roughly correspond to reported annual emission rates, with wind speed uncertainties being the major source of error. We observe significant variations between individual overflights, ranging up to a factor of 2. We hypothesize that these variations are mostly driven by turbulence. This is confirmed by a high-resolution large eddy simulation that enables us to give a qualitative assessment of the influence of plume inhomogeneity on the cross-sectional flux method. Our findings suggest avoiding periods of strong turbulence, e.g., midday and afternoon. More favorable measurement conditions prevail during nighttime and morning. Since lidars are intrinsically independent of sunlight, they have a significant advantage in this regard.

scholarly journals Measuring SO2 Emission Rates at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, Using an Array of Upward-Looking UV Spectrometers, 2014–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Elias ◽  
Christoph Kern ◽  
Keith A. Horton ◽  
Andrew J. Sutton ◽  
Harold Garbeil
Keyword(s):  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano

scholarly journals A global catalogue of large SO<sub>2</sub> sources and emissions derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitali E. Fioletov ◽  
Chris A. McLinden ◽  
Nickolay Krotkov ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Joanna Joiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Ozone Monitoring

Abstract. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite sensor processed with the new Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm were used to detect large point emission sources or clusters of sources. The total of 491 continuously emitting point sources releasing from about 30 kt yr−1 to more than 4000 kt yr−1 of SO2 per year have been identified and grouped by country and by primary source origin: volcanoes (76 sources); power plants (297); smelters (53); and sources related to the oil and gas industry (65). The sources were identified using different methods, including through OMI measurements themselves applied to a new emissions detection algorithm, and their evolution during the 2005–2014 period was traced by estimating annual emissions from each source. For volcanic sources, the study focused on continuous degassing, and emissions from explosive eruptions were excluded. Emissions from degassing volcanic sources were measured, many for the first time, and collectively they account for about 30 % of total SO2 emissions estimated from OMI measurements, but that fraction has increased in recent years given that cumulative global emissions from power plants and smelters are declining while emissions from oil and gas industry remained nearly constant. Anthropogenic emissions from the USA declined by 80 % over the 2005–2014 period as did emissions from western and central Europe, whereas emissions from India nearly doubled, and emissions from other large SO2-emitting regions (South Africa, Russia, Mexico, and the Middle East) remained fairly constant. In total, OMI-based estimates account for about a half of total reported anthropogenic SO2 emissions; the remaining half is likely related to sources emitting less than 30 kt yr−1 and not detected by OMI.

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