scholarly journals Quantification of CO2 Emission Rates from Large Coal-Fired Power Plants Using Airborne Lidar during CoMet 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolff ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
Axel Amediek ◽  
Mathieu Quatrevalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Plant Emissions

<p>A large fraction of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions originates from localized point sources. International climate treaties foresee their independent monitoring. Given the high number of point sources and their global spatial distribution, local monitoring is challenging, whereas a global satellite-based observing system is advantageous. In this perspective, a promising measurement approach is active remote sensing by airborne lidar, such as provided by the integrated-path differential-absorption lidar CHARM-F. Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO, CHARM-F serves as a demonstrator for future satellite missions, e.g. MERLIN. CHARM-F simultaneously measures weighted vertical column mixing ratios of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> below the aircraft. In spring 2018, during the CoMet field campaign, measurements were taken at the largest European point sources of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, i.e. coal-fired power plants and ventilation shafts of coal mines. The measurement flights aimed to transect isolated exhaust plumes, in order to derive the corresponding emission rates from the resulting enhancement in concentration, along the plume crossing. For the first time, multiple measurements of power plant emissions were made using airborne lidar. On average, we find that our measurements are consistent with reported numbers, but observe high discrepancies between successive plume crossings of up to 50 %. As an explanation for these high discrepancies, we assess the influence of inhomogeneity in the exhaust plume, caused by atmospheric turbulence. This assessment is based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). We find a pronounced diurnal cycle of plume inhomogeneity associated with local turbulence, predominately driven by midday solar irradiance. Our results reveal that periods of high turbulence, specifically during midday and afternoon, should be avoided whenever possible. Since lidar is intrinsically independent of sun light, measurements can be performed under conditions of weak turbulence, such as at night or in the early morning.</p>

scholarly journals Determination of the emission rates of CO<sub>2</sub> point sources with airborne lidar

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 2717-2736
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolff ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
Axel Amediek ◽  
Mathieu Quatrevalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Cross

Abstract. Anthropogenic point sources, such as coal-fired power plants, produce a major share of global CO2 emissions. International climate agreements demand their independent monitoring. Due to the large number of point sources and their global spatial distribution, the implementation of a satellite-based observation system is convenient. Airborne active remote sensing measurements demonstrate that the deployment of lidar is promising in this respect. The integrated path differential absorption lidar CHARM-F is installed on board an aircraft in order to detect weighted column-integrated dry-air mixing ratios of CO2 below the aircraft along its flight track. During the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission (CoMet) in spring 2018, airborne greenhouse gas measurements were performed, focusing on the major European sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, i.e., large coal-fired power plants. The flights were designed to transect isolated exhaust plumes. From the resulting enhancement in the CO2 mixing ratios, emission rates can be derived via the cross-sectional flux method. On average, our results roughly correspond to reported annual emission rates, with wind speed uncertainties being the major source of error. We observe significant variations between individual overflights, ranging up to a factor of 2. We hypothesize that these variations are mostly driven by turbulence. This is confirmed by a high-resolution large eddy simulation that enables us to give a qualitative assessment of the influence of plume inhomogeneity on the cross-sectional flux method. Our findings suggest avoiding periods of strong turbulence, e.g., midday and afternoon. More favorable measurement conditions prevail during nighttime and morning. Since lidars are intrinsically independent of sunlight, they have a significant advantage in this regard.

scholarly journals Determination of the Emission Rates of CO<sub>2</sub> Point Sources with Airborne Lidar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolff ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
Axel Amediek ◽  
Mathieu Quatrevalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
International Climate Agreements ◽  
The Cross

Abstract. Anthropogenic point sources, such as coal-fired power plants, produce a major share of global CO2 emissions. International climate agreements demand their independent monitoring. Due to the high amount of point sources and their global spatial distribution, a mobile measurement approach with fast spatial coverage is needed. Active remote sensing measurements by airborne lidar show much promise in this respect. The integrated-path differential-absorption lidar CHARM–F is installed onboard an aircraft, in order to detect weighted vertical columns of CO2 mixing ratios, below the aircraft along its flight track. During the Carbon Dioxide and Methane mission (CoMet) in spring 2018, airborne greenhouse gas measurements were performed, focusing on the major European sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, i.e. large coal–fired power plants. The flights were designed to transect isolated exhaust plumes. From the resulting enhancement in the CO2 mixings ratios, emission rates can be derived in terms of the cross–sectional flux method. On average, we find our results roughly corresponding to reported annual emission rates, but observe significant variations between individual overflights ranging up to a factor of 2. We suppose that these variations are mostly driven by turbulence. This hypothesis is supported by a high–resolution large eddy simulation that enables us to give a qualitative assessment of the influence of plume inhomogeneity on the cross–sectional flux method. Our findings suggest avoiding periods of strong turbulence, e.g. midday and afternoon. More favorable measurement conditions prevail during nighttime and morning. Since lidars are intrinsically independent of sunlight, they have a significant advantage in this regard.

Estimating local CH4 emissions in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using inverse modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wolff ◽  
Friedemann Reum ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Mathieu Quatrevalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
Upper Silesian Coal Basin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modelling Approach

&lt;p&gt;Methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) with respect to radiative forcing. Since pre-industrial times, the globally averaged CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentration in the atmosphere has risen by a factor of 2.5. A large fraction of global anthropogenic CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions originates from localized point sources, e.g. coal mine ventilation shafts. International treaties foresee GHG emission reductions, entailing independent monitoring and verification support capacities. Considering the spatially widespread distribution of point sources, remote sensing approaches are favourable, in order to enable rapid survey of larger areas. In this respect, active remote sensing by airborne lidar is promising, such as provided by the integrated-path differential-absorption lidar CHARM-F operated by DLR. Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO, CHARM-F serves as a demonstrator for future satellite missions, e.g. MERLIN. CHARM-F simultaneously measures weighted vertical column mixing ratios of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; below the aircraft. In spring 2018, during the CoMet field campaign, measurements were taken in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. The USCB is considered to be a European hotspot of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, covering an area of approximately 50 km &amp;#215; 50 km. Due to the high number of coal mines and density of ventilation shafts in the USCB, individual CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; exhaust plumes can overlap. This makes simple approaches to determine the emission rates of single shafts, i.e. the cross-sectional flux method, difficult. Therefore, we use an inverse modelling approach to obtain an estimate of the individual emission rates. Specifically, we employ the Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) coupled to the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS), an Ensemble Kalman Filter. CTDAS-WRF propagates an ensemble realization of the a priori CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions forward in space and time, samples the simulated CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations along the measurement&amp;#8217;s flight path, and scales the a priori emission rates to optimally fit the measured values, while remaining tied to the prior. Hereby, we obtain a regularized a posteriori best emission estimate for the individual ventilation shafts. Here, we report on the results of this inverse modelling approach, including individual and aggregated emission estimates, their uncertainties, and to which extent the data are able to constrain individual emitters independently.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals CH4 and CO2 IPDA Lidar Measurements During the Comet 2018 Airborne Field Campaign

2020 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Andreas Fix ◽  
Axel Amediek ◽  
Christian Büdenbender ◽  
Gerhard Ehret ◽  
Christoph Kiemle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Upper Silesian Coal Basin ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data

Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO, the integrated-path differential-absorption (IPDA) lidar CHARM-F measures weighted vertical columns of both greenhouse gases (GHG) below the aircraft and along its flight track, aiming at high accuracy and precision. Results will be shown from the deployment during the CoMet field campaign that was carried out in spring 2018, with its main focus on one of the major European hot spots in methane emissions: the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. First analyses reveal a measurement precision of below 0.5% for 20-km averages and also low bias, which was assessed by comparison with in-situ instruments. The measurements flights were designed to capture individual CH4 and CO2 plumes from e.g. coal mine venting and coal-fired power plants, respectively, but also to measure large and regional scale GHG gradients and to provide comparisons with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Many other different instruments, both airborne and ground-based, complemented the lidar measurements to provide a comprehensive dataset for model analyses. CHARM-F also acts as the airborne demonstrator for MERLIN, the “Methane Remote Lidar Mission”, conducted by the German and French space agencies, DLR and CNES, with launch foreseen in ~ 2024. In this context, the airborne lidar data are likewise important for mission support such as for e.g. algorithm development and improvement and, moreover, the CoMet mission was also an important step for MERLIN validation preparation.

scholarly journals A global map of emission clumps for future monitoring of fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from space

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 687-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilong Wang ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Grégoire Broquet ◽  
François-Marie Bréon ◽  
Tomohiro Oda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Data Product

Abstract. A large fraction of fossil fuel CO2 emissions emanate from “hotspots”, such as cities (where direct CO2 emissions related to fossil fuel combustion in transport, residential, commercial sectors, etc., excluding emissions from electricity-producing power plants, occur), isolated power plants, and manufacturing facilities, which cover a small fraction of the land surface. The coverage of all high-emitting cities and point sources across the globe by bottom-up inventories is far from complete, and for most of those covered, the uncertainties in CO2 emission estimates in bottom-up inventories are too large to allow continuous and rigorous assessment of emission changes (Gurney et al., 2019). Space-borne imagery of atmospheric CO2 has the potential to provide independent estimates of CO2 emissions from hotspots. But first, what a hotspot is needs to be defined for the purpose of satellite observations. The proposed space-borne imagers with global coverage planned for the coming decade have a pixel size on the order of a few square kilometers and a XCO2 accuracy and precision of <1 ppm for individual measurements of vertically integrated columns of dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2). This resolution and precision is insufficient to provide a cartography of emissions for each individual pixel. Rather, the integrated emission of diffuse emitting areas and intense point sources is sought. In this study, we characterize area and point fossil fuel CO2 emitting sources which generate coherent XCO2 plumes that may be observed from space. We characterize these emitting sources around the globe and they are referred to as “emission clumps” hereafter. An algorithm is proposed to identify emission clumps worldwide, based on the ODIAC global high-resolution 1 km fossil fuel emission data product. The clump algorithm selects the major urban areas from a GIS (geographic information system) file and two emission thresholds. The selected urban areas and a high emission threshold are used to identify clump cores such as inner city areas or large power plants. A low threshold and a random walker (RW) scheme are then used to aggregate all grid cells contiguous to cores in order to define a single clump. With our definition of the thresholds, which are appropriate for a space imagery with 0.5 ppm precision for a single XCO2 measurement, a total of 11 314 individual clumps, with 5088 area clumps, and 6226 point-source clumps (power plants) are identified. These clumps contribute 72 % of the global fossil fuel CO2 emissions according to the ODIAC inventory. The emission clumps is a new tool for comparing fossil fuel CO2 emissions from different inventories and objectively identifying emitting areas that have a potential to be detected by future global satellite imagery of XCO2. The emission clump data product is distributed from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7217726.v1.

The emission and photochemistry of a large industrial facilities near megacities - a case study in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saewung Kim ◽  
Anne Mielnik ◽  
Gracie Wong ◽  
Chinmoy Sarkar ◽  
Alex Guenther
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Seoul Metropolitan Area ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Regional Air Quality

&lt;p&gt;In this presentation, we will discuss the top down emission estimates of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and volatile organic compounds using mass spectrometers integrated on a research aircraft with a fast-meteorological sensor. The study area is four coal power plants, one steel mill, and one petrochemical industrial facility, located in the Tae-ahn Peninsular in South Korea 50 km away from the southern tip of the Seoul Metropolitan Area. We conducted 20 research flights to closely monitor emissions from each facility. &amp;#160;We will present detailed analysis of instantaneous emission rates to verify emission inventories to proceed their impacts to regional air quality, particularly towards the Seoul Metropolitan Area with a population of 25 millions, using a semi-Lagrangian photochemical box model.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Estimating emissions of methane and carbon dioxide sources using analytical Bayesian inversion system based on WRF-GHG tagged tracer simulations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Gałkowski ◽  
Julia Marshall ◽  
Frank-Thomas Koch ◽  
Jinxuan Chen ◽  
Alina Fiehn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Bayesian Inversion ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Ventilation Shaft ◽  
Research Aircraft

&lt;p&gt;During May and June 2018, the intensive campaign CoMet (Carbon dioxide and Methane mission) made atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases over Europe, with the upper Silesian coal basin (USCB) in southern Poland as a specific focus area. CoMet aimed at characterising the distribution of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; over significant regional sources with the use of a fleet of research aircraft, as well as to validate remote sensing measurements from state-of-the-art instrumentation installed on-board against a set of independent in-situ observations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to link atmospheric mixing ratios to source emission rates, high-resolution simulations with WRF-GHG v 3.9.1.1. (10 km x10 km Europe + nested 2 km x 2 km domain over the USCB), driven by short-term meteorological forecasts from the ECMWF IFS model and forecasts from CAMS (Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service) for initial and lateral tracer boundary conditions were performed. Biogenic fluxes of CO2 were calculated online using the VPRM model driven by MODIS indices. Anthropogenic emissions over Europe were taken from the database of TNO, Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability (7 km x 7 km), augmented with an internal emissions database developed within CoMet that uses coal mine ventilation shaft emission measurements in combination with recent updates of the E-PRTR (European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tagged tracers were used to simulate a robust set of over 100 distinct anthropogenic sources of CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from the study area, and these forward simulations were then used as the transport operator in an analytical Bayesian inversion system. Here we discuss the results of an analysis performed with the use of selected in-situ data measured over the course of the three-week campaign, including results and sensitivity tests.&lt;/p&gt;

Quantification of SO2 emission rates from the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii by the divergence of the SO2 flux using S5P-TROPOMI satellite measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Jost ◽  
Steffen Beirle ◽  
Steffen Dörner ◽  
Thomas Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
So2 Flux ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano ◽  
The One

&lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;With a nearly continuously effusive eruption since 1983, the Kilauea volcano (Hawaii, USA) is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. At the beginning of May 2018, a sequence of eruptions on the Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) caused an enhanced outbreak of volcanic gases and aerosols, releasing them into the troposphere. Since these gases and particles affect climate, environment, traffic, and health on regional to global scales, a continuos monitoring of the emission rates is essential.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As satellites provide the opportunity to observe and quantify the emissions remotely from space, their contribution to the monitoring of volcanoes is significant. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite was successfully launched by the end of 2017 and provides measurements with unprecedented level of details with a resolution of 3.5 x 7 km2. This also allows for an accurate retrieval of trace gas species such as volcanic SO2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Here, it will be shown that the location and strength of SO2 emissions from Kilauea can be determined by the divergence of the temporal mean SO2 flux. This approach, which is based on the continuity equation, has been demonstrated to work for NOX emissions of individual power plants (Beirle et al., Sci. Adv., 2019).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The present state of our work indicates that emission maps of SO2 can be derived by the combination of satellite measurements and wind fields on high spatial resolution. As the divergence is highly sensitive on point sources like the erupting fissures in the 2018 Kilauea eruption, they can be localized very precisely. The obtained emission rates are slightly lower than the ones reported from ground-based measurements in other studies like the one from Kern et al. (Bull. Volcanol., 2020). The effects of suboptimal conditions like high cloud fractions on the method probably affect the derived emission rates and have to be further analyzed.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

scholarly journals Mapping the spatial distribution of NO<sub>2</sub> with in situ and remote sensing instruments during the Munich NO<sub>2</sub> imaging campaign

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Kuhlmann ◽  
Ka Lok Chan ◽  
Sebastian Donner ◽  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Marc Schwaerzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Horizontal Gradient ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Airborne Imaging

Abstract. We present results from the Munich NO2 imaging campaign (MuNIC) where nitrogen dioxide (NO2) near-surface concentrations (NSC) and vertical column densities (VCD) were measured with stationary, mobile and airborne in situ and remote sensing instruments. The most intensive day of the campaign was 7 July 2016, when the NO2 VCD field was mapped with the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) imaging spectrometer. The spatial distribution of APEX VCDs was rather smooth with a horizontal gradient between lower values upwind and higher values downwind of the city center. The NO2 map had no pronounced source signatures except for the plumes of two combined heat and power plants (CHP). The APEX VCDs agree well with mobile MAX-DOAS observations from two vehicles conducted in the same afternoon (r = 0.55). In contrast to the VCDs, mobile NSC measurements revealed high spatial and temporal variability along the roads with highest values in congested areas and tunnels. The NOx emissions of the two CHP plants were estimated from the APEX observations using a mass-balance approach. The estimates are higher than reported emissions, but uncertainties are high because the campaign day was unstable and convective, resulting in low and highly variable wind speeds. The NOx emission estimates are consistent with CO2 emissions determined from two ground-based FTIR instruments operated near one CHP plant. We conclude that airborne imaging spectrometers are well suited to map the spatial distribution of NO2 VCDs over large areas. The emission plumes of point sources can be detected in the APEX observations, but accurate flow fields are essential to estimate emissions with sufficient accuracy. The application of airborne imaging spectrometers for studying NSCs, for example as input for epidemiological studies, is less straight forward and requires to account for the non-trivial relationship between VCDs and NSCs.

scholarly journals The Pagami Creek smoke plume after long-range transport to the upper troposphere over Europe – aerosol properties and black carbon mixing state

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 28751-28818 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dahlkötter ◽  
M. Gysel ◽  
D. Sauer ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
R. Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Particle Structure ◽  
Smoke Plume ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Research Aircraft

Abstract. During the CONCERT 2011 field experiment with the DLR research aircraft Falcon an enhanced aerosol layer with particle linear depolarization ratios of 6–8% at 532 nm has been observed at altitudes above 10 km over northeast Germany on 16 September 2011. Dispersion simulations with HYSPLIT suggest that the elevated aerosol layer originated from the pyro-convective Pagami Creek forest fire in Minnesota, USA. The 3–4 days old smoke plume has high total refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations of 0.03–0.35 μg m−3 at standard temperature and pressure (stp) with rBC mass equivalent diameters predominantly smaller than 130 nm. Assuming a core-shell particle structure, the BC cores exhibit very thick (median: 105–136 nm) BC-free coatings, which modify the radiative transfer through this layer. A large fraction of the BC-containing particles disintegrate while passing the laser beam of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). This is shown for the first time for high-altitude aerosol layers in this study, giving evidence for heterogeneous mixing structures and possibly modified light-scattering and light-absorbing properties of the particles. This case study estimates the rBC mass import from the Pagami Creek forest fire into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region (best estimate: 25 Mg BC). A comparison to black carbon emission rates from aviation underlines the relevance of the import of forest fire aerosol on the BC load in the UTLS region. Our detailed information on the microphysics and the mixing state of the BC forest fire aerosol layer will help to better understand and investigate its radiative impact.

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