Lava flow hazard of the 2018 Etna eruption: What happened and what could happen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bilotta ◽  
Sonia Calvari ◽  
Annalisa Cappello ◽  
Claudia Corradino ◽  
Ciro Del Negro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Thermal Flux ◽  
Satellite Monitoring ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Eruptive Fissure ◽  
Infrared Imager ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Lava Flow Field ◽  
Western Wall ◽  
Infrared Data

<p>On 24 December 2018 a flank eruption started on Etna from an eruptive fissure opened on the eastern side of the New Southeast Crater (NCSE) at about 3,100 m asl, which in few minutes, propagated to the south-east, overcoming the edge of the western wall of the Valle del Bove (VdB), reaching an altitude of 2,400 m asl and a total length of about 2 km. The eruption, which lasted only three days, produced lava flows from different vents along the eruptive fissure that reached a distance of about 4.2 km and covered an area of about 1 km2. The satellite monitoring of the 2018 Etna eruption was performed using the HOTSAT system using mid and thermal infrared data acquired by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI), which provided minimum and maximum estimates for the lava thermal flux, the effusion rate and the lava volume. The SEVIRI-derived effusion rate estimates were used as input of the MAGFLOW model to simulate the actual lava flow field, obtaining a very good fit. We also simulated different eruptive scenarios assuming the lava emission wouldn’t run out in only three days to forecast if, when and how the lava flow could reach the inhabited areas, causing possible significant damage. </p>

scholarly journals Satellite and Ground Remote Sensing Techniques to Trace the Hidden Growth of a Lava Flow Field: The 2014-15 Effusive Eruption at Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Calvari ◽  
Gaetana Ganci ◽  
Sónia Silva Victória ◽  
Pedro A. Hernandez ◽  
Nemesio Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Lava Flow ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Eruptive Fissure ◽  
Lava Flow Field ◽  
Fogo Volcano

Fogo volcano erupted in 2014-15 producing an extensive lava flow field in the summit caldera that destroyed two villages, Portela and Bangaeira. The eruption started with powerful explosive activity, lava fountains, and a substantial ash column accompanying the opening of an eruptive fissure. Lava flows spreading from the base of the eruptive fissure produced three arterial lava flows. By a week after the start of the eruption, a master lava tube had already developed within the eruptive fissure and along the arterial flow. In this paper, we analyze the emplacement processes on the basis of observations carried out directly on the lava flow field, remote sensing measurements carried out with a thermal camera, SO2 fluxes, and satellite images, in order to unravel the key factors leading to the development of lava tubes. These were responsible for the rapid expansion of lava for the ~7.9 km length of the flow field, as well as the destruction of the Portela and Bangaeira villages. The key factors leading to the development of tubes were the low topography and the steady magma supply rate along the arterial lava flow. Comparing time-averaged effusion rates (TADR) obtained from satellite and Supply Rate (SR) derived from SO2 flux data, we estimate the amount and timing of the lava flow field endogenous growth, with the aim of developing a tool that could be used for hazard assessment and risk mitigation at this and other volcanoes.

scholarly journals Satellite and Ground Remote Sensing Techniques to Trace the Hidden Growth of a Lava Flow Field: The 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Calvari ◽  
Gaetana Ganci ◽  
Sónia Victória ◽  
Pedro Hernandez ◽  
Nemesio Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Lava Flow ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Eruptive Fissure ◽  
Lava Flow Field ◽  
Fogo Volcano

Fogo volcano erupted in 2014–2015 producing an extensive lava flow field in the summit caldera that destroyed two villages, Portela and Bangaeira. The eruption started with powerful explosive activity, lava fountains, and a substantial ash column accompanying the opening of an eruptive fissure. Lava flows spreading from the base of the eruptive fissure produced three arterial lava flows. By a week after the start of the eruption, a master lava tube had already developed within the eruptive fissure and along the arterial flow. In this paper, we analyze the emplacement processes based on observations carried out directly on the lava flow field, remote sensing measurements carried out with a thermal camera, SO2 fluxes, and satellite images, to unravel the key factors leading to the development of lava tubes. These were responsible for the rapid expansion of lava for the ~7.9 km length of the flow field, as well as the destruction of the Portela and Bangaeira villages. The key factors leading to the development of tubes were the low topography and the steady magma supply rate along the arterial lava flow. Comparing time-averaged discharge rates (TADR) obtained from satellite and Supply Rate (SR) derived from SO2 flux data, we estimate the amount and timing of the lava flow field endogenous growth, with the aim of developing a tool that could be used for hazard assessment and risk mitigation at this and other volcanoes.

scholarly journals Linking lava morphologies to effusion rates for the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana R.C. Voigt ◽  
Christopher W. Hamilton ◽  
Gregor Steinbrügge ◽  
Ármann Höskuldsson ◽  
Ingibjörg Jónsdottir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Lava Flow ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Lava Flow Field ◽  
Geomorphological Map ◽  
Effusion Rates ◽  
Lava Emplacement

Determining the parameters that control fissure-fed lava morphologies is critical for reconstructing the complex emplacement histories of eruptions on Earth and other planetary bodies. We used a geomorphological map of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, in combination with new constraints on lava emplacement chronology and two independently derived time-averaged discharge rate (TADR) data sets, to analyze correlations between lava morphology and effusion rate. Results show that lava morphologies are dominantly controlled by effusion rate at the vent during the early phases of the eruption and by lava transport processes as the system evolves. Initially, TADR and its variance, which reflect pulsation in the lava supply rate from the vent, directly affect lava emplacement styles. However, as the eruption progresses, the lava transport system exerts a stronger control with channels and ponds that can either dampen variation in local effusion rate or create surges during sudden drainage events. The Holuhraun eruption predominantly produced rubbly lava in its earlier eruption phases and transitioned into the production of spiny lava toward the end of the eruption. However, a drop of TADR during the first phase of the eruption correlates with a decrease in rubbly lava formation and an increase in spiny lava production. This suggests that a change in effusion rate caused the observed transition in lava type. Our findings show that rubbly lava is formed under relatively high local effusion rates with pulsating supply conditions, whereas spiny lava is formed under lower local effusion rates and steadier supply.

scholarly journals Geomorphological characterization of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow-field in Iceland

2021 ◽  
pp. 107278
Author(s):  
Joana R.C. Voigt ◽  
Christopher W. Hamilton ◽  
Stephen P. Scheidt ◽  
Ulrich Münzer ◽  
Ármann Höskuldsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Lava Flow ◽  
Lava Flow Field

scholarly journals Simple empirical method for estimating lava-effusion rate using nighttime Himawari-8 1.6-µm infrared images

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kaneko ◽  
Atsushi Yasuda ◽  
Toshitsugu Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Effusion Rate ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Lava Effusion ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe effusion rate of lava is one of the most important eruption parameters, as it is closely related to the migration process of magma underground and on the surface, such as changes in lava flow direction or formation of new effusing vents. Establishment of a continuous and rapid estimation method has been an issue in volcano research as well as disaster prevention planning. For effusive eruptions of low-viscosity lava, we examined the relationship between the nighttime spectral radiance in the 1.6-µm band of the Himawari-8 satellite (R1.6Mx: the pixel value showing the maximum radiance in the heat source area) and the effusion rate using data from the 2017 Nishinoshima activity. Our analysis confirmed that there was a high positive correlation between these two parameters. Based on the linear-regression equation obtained here (Y = 0.47X, where Y is an effusion rate of 106 m3 day−1 and X is an R1.6Mx of 106 W m−2 sr−1 m−1), we can estimate the lava-effusion rate from the observation data of Himawari-8 via a simple calculation. Data from the 2015 Raung activity—an effusive eruption of low-viscosity lava—were arranged along the extension of this regression line, which suggests that the relationship is applicable up to a level of ~ 2 × 106 m3 day−1. We applied this method to the December 2019 Nishinoshima activity and obtained an effusion rate of 0.50 × 106 m3 day−1 for the initial stage. We also calculated the effusion rate for the same period based on a topographic method, and verified that the obtained value, 0.48 × 106 m3 day−1, agreed with the estimation using the Himawari-8 data. Further, for Nishinoshima, we simulated the extent of hazard areas from the initial lava flow and compared cases using the effusion rate obtained here and the value corresponding to the average effusion rate for the 2013–2015 eruptions. The former distribution was close to the actual distribution, while the latter was much smaller. By combining this effusion-rate estimation method with real-time observations by Himawari-8 and lava-flow simulation software, we can build a rapid and precise prediction system for volcano hazard areas.

The volume and shape of the 1991-1993 lava flow field at Mount Etna, Sicily

1997 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicki F. Stevens ◽  
John B. Murray ◽  
Geoff Wadge
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Lava Flow ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Lava Flow Field
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