The winds in the Martian nocturnal boundary layer at the time of the Pathfinder landing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Paton ◽  
Hannu Savijärvi ◽  
Ari-Matti Harri ◽  
Joonas Leino
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer

scholarly journals Nocturnal Boundary Layer Erosion Analysis in the Amazon Using Large-Eddy Simulation during GoAmazon Project 2014/5

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Rayonil Carneiro ◽  
Gilberto Fisch ◽  
Theomar Neves ◽  
Rosa Santos ◽  
Carlos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Large Eddy Simulation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Enso Event ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Large Eddy

This study investigated the erosion of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) over the central Amazon using a high-resolution model of large-eddy simulation (LES) named PArallel Les Model (PALM) and observational data from Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) project 2014/5. This data set was collected during four intense observation periods (IOPs) in the dry and rainy seasons in the years 2014 (considered a typical year) and 2015, during which an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event predominated and provoked an intense dry season. The outputs from the PALM simulations represented reasonably well the NBL erosion, and the results showed that it has different characteristics between the seasons. During the rainy season, the IOPs exhibited slow surface heating and less intense convection, which resulted in a longer erosion period, typically about 3 h after sunrise (that occurs at 06:00 local time). In contrast, dry IOPs showed more intensive surface warming with stronger convection, resulting in faster NBL erosion, about 2 h after sunrise. A conceptual model was derived to investigate the complete erosion during sunrise hours when there is a very shallow mixed layer formed close to the surface and a stable layer above. The kinematic heat flux for heating this layer during the erosion period showed that for the rainy season, the energy emitted from the surface and the entrainment was not enough to fully heat the NBL layer and erode it. Approximately 30% of additional energy was used in the system, which could come from the release of energy from biomass. The dry period of 2014 showed stronger heating, but it was also not enough, requiring approximately 6% of additional energy. However, for the 2015 dry period, which was under the influence of the ENSO event, it was shown that the released surface fluxes were sufficient to fully heat the layer. The erosion time of the NBL probably influenced the development of the convective boundary layer (CBL), wherein greater vertical development was observed in the dry season IOPs (~1500 m), while the rainy season IOPs had a shallower layer (~1200 m).

scholarly journals Nocturnal Boundary Layer Evolution and Its Impacts on the Vertical Distributions of Pollutant Particulate Matter

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Yu Shi ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Fei Hu ◽  
Guangqiang Fan ◽  
Juntao Huo
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Mixing Layer ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Surface Inversion ◽  
Vertical Distributions

To investigate the evolution of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) and its impacts on the vertical distributions of pollutant particulates, a combination of in situ observations from a large tethered balloon, remote sensing instruments (aerosol lidar and Doppler wind lidar) and an atmospheric environment-monitoring vehicle were utilized. The observation site was approximately 100 km southwest of Beijing, the capital of China. Results show that a considerable proportion of pollutant particulates were still suspended in the residual layer (RL) (e.g., the nitrate concentration reached 30 μg m−3) after sunset. The NBL height calculated by the aerosol lidar was closer to the top of the RL before midnight because of the pollutants stored aloft in the RL and the shallow surface inversion layer; after midnight, the NBL height was more consistent with the top of the surface inversion layer. As the convective mixing layer gradually became established after sunrise the following day, the pollutants stored in the nocturnal RL of the preceding night were entrained downward into the mixing layer. The early morning PM2.5 concentration near 700 m in the RL on 20 December decreased by 83% compared with the concentration at 13:34 on 20 December at the same height. The nitrate concentration also decreased significantly in the RL, and the mixing down of nitrate from the RL could contribute about 37% to the nitrate in the mixing layer. Turbulence activities still existed in the RL with the bulk Richardson number (Rb) below the threshold value. The corresponding increase in PM2.5 was likely to be correlated with the weak turbulence in the RL in the early morning.

scholarly journals The Cessation of Continuous Turbulence as Precursor of the Very Stable Nocturnal Boundary Layer

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 3097-3115 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. H. Van de Wiel ◽  
A. F. Moene ◽  
H. J. J. Jonker
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Local Similarity ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Turbulent Friction ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Flow Acceleration

Abstract The mechanism behind the collapse of turbulence in the evening as a precursor to the onset of the very stable boundary layer is investigated. To this end a cooled, pressure-driven flow is investigated by means of a local similarity model. Simulations reveal a temporary collapse of turbulence whenever the surface heat extraction, expressed in its nondimensional form h/L, exceeds a critical value. As any temporary reduction of turbulent friction is followed by flow acceleration, the long-term state is unconditionally turbulent. In contrast, the temporary cessation of turbulence, which may actually last for several hours in the nocturnal boundary layer, can be understood from the fact that the time scale for boundary layer diffusion is much smaller than the time scale for flow acceleration. This limits the available momentum that can be used for downward heat transport. In case the surface heat extraction exceeds the so-called maximum sustainable heat flux (MSHF), the near-surface inversion rapidly increases. Finally, turbulent activity is largely suppressed by the intense density stratification that supports the emergence of a different, calmer boundary layer regime.

scholarly journals Validation of farm-scale methane emissions using nocturnal boundary layer budgets

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 21765-21802 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stieger ◽  
I. Bamberger ◽  
N. Buchmann ◽  
W. Eugster
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Tethered Balloon ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Balloon System

Abstract. This study provides the first experimental validation of Swiss agricultural methane emission estimates at the farm scale. We measured CH4 concentrations at a Swiss farmstead during two intensive field campaigns in August 2011 and July 2012 to (1) quantify the source strength of livestock methane emissions using a tethered balloon system, and (2) to validate inventory emission estimates via nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) budgets. Field measurements were performed at a distance of 150 m from the nearest farm buildings with a tethered balloon system in combination with gradient measurements at eight heights on a 10 m tower to better resolve the near-surface concentrations. Vertical profiles of air temperature, relative humidity, CH4 concentration, wind speed and wind direction showed that the NBL was strongly influenced by local transport processes and by the valley wind system. Methane concentrations showed a pronounced time course, with highest concentrations in the second half of the night. NBL budget flux estimates were obtained via a time–space kriging approach. Main uncertainties of NBL budget flux estimates were associated with instationary atmospheric conditions and the estimate of the inversion height zi (top of volume integration). The mean NBL budget fluxes of 1.60 ± 0.31 μg CH4 m-2 s-1 (1.40 ± 0.50 and 1.66 ± 0.20 μg CH4 m-2 s-1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively) were in good agreement with local inventory estimates based on current livestock number and default emission factors, with 1.29 ± 0.47 and 1.74 ± 0.63 μg CH4 m-2 s-1 for 2011 and 2012, respectively. This indicates that emission factors used for the national inventory reports are adequate, and we conclude that the NBL budget approach is a useful tool to validate emission inventory estimates.

scholarly journals Surface flux estimates derived from UAS-based mole fraction measurements by means of a nocturnal boundary layer budget approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kunz ◽  
Jost V. Lavric ◽  
Rainer Gasche ◽  
Christoph Gerbig ◽  
Richard H. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
Stable Conditions

Abstract. The carbon exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere has a large influence on the Earth system and specifically on the climate. This exchange is therefore being studied intensively, often using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. EC measurements provide reliable results under turbulent atmospheric conditions, but under stable conditions – as they often occur at night – these measurements are known to misrepresent exchange fluxes. Nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) budgets can provide independent flux estimates under stable conditions, but their application so far has been limited by rather high cost and practical difficulties. Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) equipped with trace gas analysers have the potential to make this method more accessible. We present the methodology and results of a proof of concept study carried out during the ScaleX 2016 campaign. Successive vertical profiles of carbon dioxide dry air mole fraction in the NBL were taken with a compact analyser carried by a UAS. We estimate an average carbon dioxide flux of 12 μmol m−2 s−1, which is plausible for nocturnal respiration in this region in summer. Transport modelling suggests that the NBL budgets represent an area on the order of 100 km2.

scholarly journals Mean Structure of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer under Strong and Weak Wind Conditions: EPRI Case Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 952-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. P. S. Rama V. Krishna ◽  
Maithili Sharan ◽  
S. G. Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Aditi
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Mean Structure ◽  
Weak Wind

The Probability Distribution of Land Surface Wind Speeds

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 3892-3909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam H. Monahan ◽  
Yanping He ◽  
Norman McFarlane ◽  
Aiguo Dai
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Weibull Distribution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Nocturnal Boundary Layer ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Tropospheric Wind

Abstract The probability density function (pdf) of land surface wind speeds is characterized using a global network of observations. Daytime surface wind speeds are shown to be broadly consistent with the Weibull distribution, while nighttime surface wind speeds are generally more positively skewed than the corresponding Weibull distribution (particularly in summer). In the midlatitudes, these strongly positive skewnesses are shown to be generally associated with conditions of strong surface stability and weak lower-tropospheric wind shear. Long-term tower observations from Cabauw, the Netherlands, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, demonstrate that lower-tropospheric wind speeds become more positively skewed than the corresponding Weibull distribution only in the shallow (~50 m) nocturnal boundary layer. This skewness is associated with two populations of nighttime winds: (i) strongly stably stratified with strong wind shear and (ii) weakly stably or unstably stratified with weak wind shear. Using an idealized two-layer model of the boundary layer momentum budget, it is shown that the observed variability of the daytime and nighttime surface wind speeds can be accounted for through a stochastic representation of intermittent turbulent mixing at the nocturnal boundary layer inversion.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document