scholarly journals Green Edge ice camp campaigns: understanding the processes controlling the under-ice Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Massicotte ◽  
Rémi Amiraux ◽  
Marie-Pier Amyot ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Mathieu Ardyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Spring Bloom ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Landfast Sea Ice

Abstract. The Green Edge initiative was developed to investigate the processes controlling the primary productivity and fate of organic matter produced during the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) and to determine its role in the ecosystem. Two field campaigns were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at an ice camp located on landfast sea ice southeast of Qikiqtarjuaq Island in Baffin Bay (67.4797∘ N, 63.7895∘ W). During both expeditions, a large suite of physical, chemical and biological variables was measured beneath a consolidated sea-ice cover from the surface to the bottom (at 360 m depth) to better understand the factors driving the PSB. Key variables, such as conservative temperature, absolute salinity, radiance, irradiance, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll a concentration, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and taxonomy, and carbon stocks and fluxes were routinely measured at the ice camp. Meteorological and snow-relevant variables were also monitored. Here, we present the results of a joint effort to tidy and standardize the collected datasets, which will facilitate their reuse in other Arctic studies. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/59892 (Massicotte et al., 2019a).

scholarly journals Green Edge ice camp campaigns: understanding the processes controlling the under-ice Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Massicotte ◽  
Rémi Amiraux ◽  
Marie-Pier Amyot ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Mathieu Ardyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Spring Bloom ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Landfast Sea Ice

Abstract. The Green Edge initiative was developed to investigate the processes controlling the primary productivity and the fate of organic matter produced during the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) and to determine its role in the ecosystem. Two field campaigns were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at an ice camp located on landfast sea ice southeast of Qikiqtarjuaq Island in Baffin Bay (67.4797N, 63.7895W). During both expeditions, a large suite of physical, chemical and biological variables was measured beneath a consolidated sea ice cover from the surface to the bottom at 360 m depth to better understand the factors driving the PSB. Key variables such as temperature, salinity, radiance, irradiance, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll-a concentration, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and taxonomy, carbon stocks and fluxes were routinely measured at the ice camp. Here, we present the results of a joint effort to tidy and standardize the collected data sets that will facilitate their reuse in other Arctic studies. The dataset is available at http://www.seanoe.org/data/00487/59892/ (Massicotte et al., 2019a).

scholarly journals The MALINA oceanographic expedition: how do changes in ice cover, permafrost and UV radiation impact biodiversity and biogeochemical fluxes in the Arctic Ocean?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1561-1592
Author(s):  
Philippe Massicotte ◽  
Rainer M. W. Amon ◽  
David Antoine ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Sergio Balzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Broken Ice

Abstract. The MALINA oceanographic campaign was conducted during summer 2009 to investigate the carbon stocks and the processes controlling the carbon fluxes in the Mackenzie River estuary and the Beaufort Sea. During the campaign, an extensive suite of physical, chemical and biological variables were measured across seven shelf–basin transects (south–north) to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. Key variables such as temperature, absolute salinity, radiance, irradiance, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll a concentration, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and taxonomy, and carbon stocks and fluxes were routinely measured onboard the Canadian research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen and from a barge in shallow coastal areas or for sampling within broken ice fields. Here, we present the results of a joint effort to compile and standardize the collected data sets that will facilitate their reuse in further studies of the changing Arctic Ocean. The data set is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/75345 (Massicotte et al., 2020).

scholarly journals The Malina oceanographic expedition: How do changes in ice cover, permafrost and UV radiation impact biodiversity and biogeochemical fluxes in the Arctic Ocean?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Massicotte ◽  
Rainer Amon ◽  
David Antoine ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Sergio Balzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Biogeochemical Fluxes ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Broken Ice

Abstract. The MALINA oceanographic campaign was conducted during summer 2009 to investigate the carbon stocks and the processes controlling the carbon fluxes in the Mackenzie River estuary and the Beaufort Sea. During the campaign, an extensive suite of physical, chemical and biological variables was measured across seven shelf–basin transects (south-north) to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. Key variables such as temperature, absolute salinity, radiance, irradiance, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll-a concentration, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and taxonomy, and carbon stocks and fluxes were routinely measured onboard the Canadian research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen and from a barge in shallow coastal areas or for sampling within broken ice fields. Here, we present the results of a joint effort to tidy and standardize the collected data sets that will facilitate their reuse in further studies of the changing Arctic Ocean. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/75345 (Massicotte2020b).

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen uptake rates and macromolecular compositions of bottom-ice algae and phytoplankton at Cambridge Bay in Dease Strait, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (82) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Kwanwoo Kim ◽  
Sun-Yong Ha ◽  
Bo Kyung Kim ◽  
C. J. Mundy ◽  
Kathleen M. Gough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Ice Algae ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Marine System ◽  
Landfast Sea Ice

AbstractOur understanding of ice algal responses to the recent changes in Arctic sea ice is impeded by limited field observations. In the present study, environmental characteristics of the landfast sea-ice zone as well as primary production and macromolecular composition of ice algae and phytoplankton were studied in the Kitikmeot Sea near Cambridge Bay in spring 2017. Averaged total chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration was within the lower range reported previously for the same region, while daily carbon uptake rates of bottom-ice algae were significantly lower in this study than previously reported for the Arctic. Based on various indicators, the region's low nutrient concentrations appear to limit carbon uptake rates and associated accumulation of bottom-ice algal biomass. Furthermore, the lipids-dominant biochemical composition of bottom-ice algae suggests strong nutrient limitation relative to the distinctly different carbohydrates-dominant composition of phytoplankton. Together, the results confirm strong nitrate limitation of the local marine system.

scholarly journals Net community production in the bottom of first-year sea ice over the Arctic spring bloom

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (17) ◽  
pp. 8971-8978 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Campbell ◽  
C. J. Mundy ◽  
M. Gosselin ◽  
J. C. Landy ◽  
A. Delaforge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Spring Bloom ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
First Year ◽  
Net Community Production ◽  
Community Production

scholarly journals From sea ice to seals: a moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic

Ocean Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1423-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Hauri ◽  
Seth Danielson ◽  
Andrew M. P. McDonnell ◽  
Russell R. Hopcroft ◽  
Peter Winsor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Cold Temperatures

Abstract. Although Arctic marine ecosystems are changing rapidly, year-round monitoring is currently very limited and presents multiple challenges unique to this region. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory (CEO) described here uses new sensor technologies to meet needs for continuous, high-resolution, and year-round observations across all levels of the ecosystem in the biologically productive and seasonally ice-covered Chukchi Sea off the northwest coast of Alaska. This mooring array records a broad suite of variables that facilitate observations, yielding better understanding of physical, chemical, and biological couplings, phenologies, and the overall state of this Arctic shelf marine ecosystem. While cold temperatures and 8 months of sea ice cover present challenging conditions for the operation of the CEO, this extreme environment also serves as a rigorous test bed for innovative ecosystem monitoring strategies. Here, we present data from the 2015–2016 CEO deployments that provide new perspectives on the seasonal evolution of sea ice, water column structure, and physical properties, annual cycles in nitrate, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton blooms, and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, the occurrence of Arctic cod, and vocalizations of marine mammals such as bearded seals. These integrated ecosystem observations are being combined with ship-based observations and modeling to produce a time series that documents biological community responses to changing seasonal sea ice and water temperatures while establishing a scientific basis for ecosystem management.

scholarly journals Climate-driven benthic invertebrate activity and biogeochemical functioning across the Barents Sea polar front

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2181) ◽  
pp. 20190365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Solan ◽  
Ellie R. Ward ◽  
Christina L. Wood ◽  
Adam J. Reed ◽  
Laura J. Grange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
The Barents Sea

Arctic marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid correction in response to multiple expressions of climate change, but the consequences of altered biodiversity for the sequestration, transformation and storage of nutrients are poorly constrained. Here, we determine the bioturbation activity of sediment-dwelling invertebrate communities over two consecutive summers that contrasted in sea-ice extent along a transect intersecting the polar front. We find a clear separation in community composition at the polar front that marks a transition in the type and amount of bioturbation activity, and associated nutrient concentrations, sufficient to distinguish a southern high from a northern low. While patterns in community structure reflect proximity to arctic versus boreal conditions, our observations strongly suggest that faunal activity is moderated by seasonal variations in sea ice extent that influence food supply to the benthos. Our observations help visualize how a climate-driven reorganization of the Barents Sea benthic ecosystem may be expressed, and emphasize the rapidity with which an entire region could experience a functional transformation. As strong benthic-pelagic coupling is typical across most parts of the Arctic shelf, the response of these ecosystems to a changing climate will have important ramifications for ecosystem functioning and the trophic structure of the entire food web. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.

scholarly journals From sea ice to seals: A moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Hauri ◽  
Seth Danielson ◽  
Andrew M. P. McDonnell ◽  
Russell R. Hopcroft ◽  
Peter Winsor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Cold Temperatures

Abstract. Although Arctic marine ecosystems are changing rapidly, year-round monitoring is currently very limited and presents multiple challenges unique to this region. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory (CEO) described here uses new sensor technologies to meet needs for continuous, high resolution, and year-round observations across all levels of the ecosystem in the biologically productive and seasonally ice-covered Chukchi Sea off the northwest coast of Alaska. This mooring array records a broad suite of parameters that facilitate observations, yielding better understanding of physical, chemical and biological couplings, phenologies, and the overall state of this Arctic shelf marine ecosystem. While cold temperatures and eight months of sea ice cover present challenging conditions for the operation of the CEO, this extreme environment also serves as a rigorous test bed for innovative ecosystem monitoring strategies. Here, we present data from the 2015–16 CEO deployments that provide new perspectives on the seasonal evolution of sea ice, water column structure and physical properties, annual cycles in nitrate, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton blooms and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, the occurrence of Arctic cod, and vocalizations of marine mammals such as bearded seals. These integrated ecosystem observations are being combined with ship-based observations and modeling to produce a time-series that documents biological community responses to changing seasonal sea ice and water temperatures while establishing a scientific basis for ecosystem management.

scholarly journals Methane cycling within sea ice; results from drifting ice during late spring, north of Svalbard

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefa Verdugo ◽  
Ellen Damm ◽  
Anna Nikolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Methane Cycling ◽  
Drifting Ice ◽  
Ridged Ice

Abstract. Summer sea ice-cover in the Arctic Ocean has declined sharply during the last decades, leading to changes in ice structures. The shift from thicker multi-year ice to thinner first-year ice changes the methane storage transported by sea ice into remote areas far away from the sea ice’s origin. As significant amounts of methane are stored in sea ice, minimal changes in the ice structure may have a strong impact on the fate of methane when ice melts. Hence, the type of sea ice is an important indicator of modifications to methane pathways. Our study is based on the combined sample analyses of methane concentration and its isotopic composition coupled with measurements of nutrient concentrations and physical variables performed on a drifting ice floe, as well as in the traversed water in late spring 2017, north of Svalbard. We report on different storage capacities of methane within first-year ice and rafted/ridged ice, as well as methane super-saturation in the seawater during the drifting time. We show that the ice type/structures determine the fate of methane during the early melt season and that methane released into seawater is a predominant pathway. Thereafter, the pathway of methane in seawater is subjected to oceanographic processes. We point to sea ice as a potential source of methane super-saturation in Polar Surface Water.

scholarly journals Temporal evolution of IP25 and other highly branched isoprenoid lipids in sea ice and the underlying water column during an Arctic melting season

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Amiraux ◽  
Lukas Smik ◽  
Denizcan Köseoğlu ◽  
Jean-François Rontani ◽  
Virginie Galindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Spring Bloom ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Change Point Analysis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, certain mono- and di-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkene biomarkers (i.e., IP25 and HBI IIa) have emerged as useful proxies for sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic, respectively. Despite the relatively large number of sea ice reconstructions based on IP25 and HBI IIa, considerably fewer studies have addressed HBI variability in sea ice or in the underlying water column during a spring bloom and ice melt season. In this study, we quantified IP25 and various other HBIs at high temporal and vertical resolution in sea ice and the underlying water column (suspended and sinking particulate organic matter) during a spring bloom/ice melt event in Baffin Bay (Canadian Arctic) as part of the Green Edge project. The IP25 data are largely consistent with those reported from some previous studies, but also highlight: (i) the short-term variability in its production in sea ice; (ii) the release of ice algae with high sinking rates following a switch in sea ice conditions from hyper- to hyposaline within the study period; and (iii) the occurrence of an under-ice phytoplankton bloom. Outcomes from change-point analysis conducted on chlorophyll a and IP25, together with estimates of the percentage of ice algal organic carbon in the water column, also support some previous investigations. The co-occurrence of other di- and tri-unsaturated HBIs (including the pelagic biomarker HBI III) in sea ice are likely to have originated from the diatom Berkeleya rutilans and/or the Pleurosigma and Rhizosolenia genera, residing either within the sea ice matrix or on its underside. Although a possible sea ice source for HBIs such as HBI III may also impact the use of such HBIs as pelagic counterparts to IP25 in the phytoplankton marker-IP25 index, we suggest that the impact is likely to be small based on HBI distribution data.

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