Gridded Satellite (GridSat) GOES and CONUS data

Abstract. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series is operated by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While in operation since the mid-1970s, the current series (GOES 8–15) has been operational since 1994. This document describes the Gridded Satellite (GridSat) data, which provide GOES data in a modern format. Four steps describe the conversion of original GOES data to GridSat data: (1) temporal resampling to produce files with evenly spaced time steps, (2) spatial remapping to produce evenly spaced gridded data (0.04∘ latitude), (3) calibrating the original data and storing brightness temperatures for infrared (IR) channels and reflectance for the visible channel, and (4) calculating spatial variability to provide extra information that can help identify clouds. The GridSat data are provided on two separate domains: GridSat-GOES provides hourly data for the Western Hemisphere (spanning the entire GOES domain) and GridSat-CONUS covers the contiguous US (CONUS) every 15 min (dataset reference: https://doi.org/10.7289/V5HM56GM).

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Fundamental Climate Data Records of Microwave Brightness Temperatures

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs10081306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1306 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Wesley Berg ◽

Rachael Kroodsma ◽

Christian Kummerow ◽

Darren McKague

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Precipitable Water ◽

Original Data ◽

Climate Data ◽

Sea Ice Extent ◽

Brightness Temperatures ◽

Precipitation Total ◽

Data Record ◽

Microwave Imager

An intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) of brightness temperatures (Tb) has been developed using data from a total of 14 research and operational conical-scanning microwave imagers. This dataset provides a consistent 30+ year data record of global observations that is well suited for retrieving estimates of precipitation, total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, ocean surface wind speed, sea ice extent and concentration, snow cover, soil moisture, and land surface emissivity. An initial FCDR was developed for a series of ten Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. An updated version of this dataset, including additional NASA and Japanese sensors, has been developed as part of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The FCDR development efforts involved quality control of the original data, geolocation corrections, calibration corrections to account for cross-track and time-dependent calibration errors, and intercalibration to ensure consistency with the calibration reference. Both the initial SSMI(S) and subsequent GPM Level 1C FCDR datasets are documented, updated in near real-time, and publicly distributed.

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U.S. National Security in the Western Hemisphere

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.40 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Ashby

Keyword(s):

National Security ◽

Homeland Security ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Security Threats ◽

Key Issues ◽

Interactive Dynamics ◽

Security Questions ◽

Homeland Defense ◽

The U.S

This chapter contends that the Western Hemisphere is not only key to the development of U.S. national security but also remains of great importance today. Quite simply, U.S. national security interests grew firstly within their own “neighborhood,” and those interests continue to be both important and complex into the present day. Crucially, this is where national security threats come into direct contact with the U.S. homeland. Understanding this history and these interactive dynamics is important to the analysis of contemporary national security questions in the Western Hemisphere. The chapter focuses on key issues that are deeply intertwined: economics and trade; democracy, development, and human rights; drugs and transnational threats; and homeland security and homeland defense.

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In Search of Henry Alexander Saturnin Hartley, Black Classicist, Clergyman, and Physician

Classicisms in the Black Atlantic ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198814122.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 119-132

Author(s):

Michele Valerie Ronnick

Keyword(s):

Nova Scotia ◽

South America ◽

African Descent ◽

Ancient Greece ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Atlantic Seaboard ◽

History Of ◽

Maritime Canada ◽

Page Book ◽

The U.S

The multifaceted career of Henry Alexander Saturnin Hartley (1861–1934) has been almost entirely overlooked by scholars. It however offers us a window into the way the study of classics traveled up and down the Atlantic seaboard and through the Americas. His peripatetic life which took him from Trinidad, to Paris, to maritime Canada, to South America and also to parts of the U.S. figures into the larger history of black classicism when knowledge of classical languages was a “currency” of its own. His 134-page book Classical Translations (Nova Scotia, 1889) was a singular achievement. It is the first book of translations taken from the literature of ancient Greece and Rome that was written and published by a person of African descent in the western hemisphere.

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Assessment of the Potential Year-Round Establishment of Soybean Rust Throughout the World

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.5.523 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

S. Pivonia ◽

X. B. Yang

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

The United States ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Central China ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Soybean Industry ◽

Seasonal Epidemics ◽

The Caribbean ◽

The U.S

Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) has been known to occur in eastern Asia and Aus-tralia for decades. In recent years, the disease entered Africa and South America and has spread rapidly in these continents. It has become a concern to the U.S. soybean industry. To assess the threat of soybean rust, we used a modeling approach to determine the potential geographical zones where the fungus might overwinter and serve as source areas for seasonal epidemics. Long-term meteorological averages were used to assess the temperature stresses by using CLIMEX, and the dry stress with an algorithm developed in this study. Integration of stresses was used to predict the likelihood of survival of the rust in a defined location. Our results suggest that the new soybean rust invasions in Africa and South America occurred in the areas where the fungus might persist year-round. The main regions where rust has not been reported but might overwinter are located in the western hemisphere, including northern South America, Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, southern Texas, and Florida. Southeastern China and neighboring areas are suggested as the primary regions where initial spores for soybean rust epidemics in central China are produced. If the disease is to establish in the United States, it is likely to be restricted to parts of Florida and southern Texas during the winter in the frost-free areas or areas where the fungus could overcome short periods of below-freezing temperatures. Occurrence of rust epidemics within the U.S. soybean belt would depend on south-to-north dispersal of uredospores.

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Performance Of Auto-Callable Reverse Convertibles, Information Disclosure Prescribed By Regulation S-K Change In 2013 Under U.S. Security Act: An Empirical Study

10.32920/14660739 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cheuk Lim Lai

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Information Disclosure ◽

Original Data ◽

Product Performance ◽

Retail Market ◽

Disclosure Regulation ◽

Return Difference ◽

The U.S

This thesis studies the effect of the estimated value disclosure imposed in 2013 on the realized return of the auto-callable reverse convertibles (ACRCs) in the U.S. retail market. The sample of this study consists of about 3,700 issues of ACRCs during the period from 2011 to 2015, which is collected from the Edgar database of the U.S. Security and Exchange Committee (www.sec.gov). The comparison between product realized return and the return of underlying assets reveals that the ACRCs are underperformed by 5% on average, while further analysis shows that the return difference was broadened after the disclosure regulation. It is found that the statistical attributes of the underlying assets are critical to the product performance while they are hidden by the issuer of ACRCs. The disclosure regulation is presumed to enhance information disclosure and to further protect the investors, but the deteriorated performance of ACRCs indicates a failure of the regulation. To protect the anonymity and confidentiality, the identity of the issuer of ACRCs in our sample is removed without compromising the validity of our research. The original data is available upon request.

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The Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas

Slave No More ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649634.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 17-40

Author(s):

Aline Helg

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Slave Trade ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

American Continent ◽

Chattel Slavery ◽

Women And Children ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽

The U.S

This chapter outlines the major phases of the slave trade in relation to colonization and the evolution of the institution of slavery. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Christian Western Hemisphere relied on the enslavement of Africans, and as a result, tens of thousands of men, women, and children were deported from Africa to the Caribbean and the American continent for nearly four centuries. This chapter covers slavery in Peru and Brazil in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as the sugar plantations in the Caribbean, Brazil, and North America in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This chapter also covers the topics of cotton, sugar, coffee, and chattel slavery in the U.S. South, Cuba, and Brazil in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and explores the similarities and differences in slave systems in the Americas.

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The U.S. Embassy in Santiago and the Presidential Election of 1964

The Gathering Storm ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501747182.003.0002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 16-45

Author(s):

Sebastián Hurtado-Torres

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Democratic Party ◽

The United States ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Good Representation ◽

Salvador Allende ◽

Alliance For Progress ◽

The U.S

This chapter discusses the role of the U.S. embassy in Santiago in the Chilean presidential election of 1964. One of the leading candidates in the race, Salvador Allende, was an avowed Marxist and the standard-bearer of the Popular Action Front (FRAP), a coalition of Socialists and Communists formed in 1958. Allende's main contender was Eduardo Frei Montalva, the undisputed leader of the Christian Democratic Party. For the United States, an Allende victory in the presidential election would entail a huge setback in the Western Hemisphere. Thus, the United States supported the candidacy of Eduardo Frei, whose project seemed an excellent alternative to the revolutionary path proposed by the Marxist Left and a good representation of the goals and values of the Alliance for Progress. The U.S. ambassador in Chile, Charles Cole, and more so the political staff of the embassy in Santiago, played an important role in shaping the race and advising the main chiefs of Eduardo Frei's political campaign, and even Frei himself, in the course of 1964. The mostly untold story of the U.S. embassy's involvement in the 1964 presidential race is an excellent example of the way in which U.S. foreign policy was carried out on the ground and, in many situations, in the open.

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A Statistical Model for Estimating Midday NDVI from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 16 and 17

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11212507 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 2507 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kathryn I. Wheeler ◽

Michael C. Dietze

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Statistical Model ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Near Infrared ◽

The United States ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

High Temporal Resolution ◽

Atmospheric Scattering ◽

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ◽

Uncertainty Estimates

The newest version of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite series (GOES-16 and GOES-17) includes a near infrared band that allows for the calculation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at a 1 km at nadir spatial resolution every five minutes throughout the continental United States and every ten minutes for much of the western hemisphere. The usefulness of individual NDVI observations is limited due to the noise that remains even after cloud masks and data quality flags are applied, as much of this noise is negatively biased due to scattering within the atmosphere. Fortunately, high temporal resolution NDVI allows for the identification of consistent diurnal patterns. Here, we present a novel statistical model that utilizes this pattern, by fitting double exponential curves to the diurnal NDVI data, to provide a daily estimate of NDVI over forests that is less sensitive to noise by accounting for both random observation errors and atmospheric scattering biases. We fit this statistical model to 350 days of observations for fifteen deciduous broadleaf sites in the United States and compared the method to several simpler potential methods. Of the days 60% had more than ten observations and were able to be modeled via our methodology. Of the modeled days 72% produced daily NDVI estimates with <0.1 wide 95% confidence intervals. Of the modeled days 13% were able to provide a confident NDVI value even if there were less than five observations between 10:00–14:00. This methodology provides estimates for daily midday NDVI values with robust uncertainty estimates, even in the face of biased errors and missing midday observations.

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Performance Of Auto-Callable Reverse Convertibles, Information Disclosure Prescribed By Regulation S-K Change In 2013 Under U.S. Security Act: An Empirical Study

10.32920/14660739.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cheuk Lim Lai

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Information Disclosure ◽

Original Data ◽

Product Performance ◽

Retail Market ◽

Disclosure Regulation ◽

Return Difference ◽

The U.S

This thesis studies the effect of the estimated value disclosure imposed in 2013 on the realized return of the auto-callable reverse convertibles (ACRCs) in the U.S. retail market. The sample of this study consists of about 3,700 issues of ACRCs during the period from 2011 to 2015, which is collected from the Edgar database of the U.S. Security and Exchange Committee (www.sec.gov). The comparison between product realized return and the return of underlying assets reveals that the ACRCs are underperformed by 5% on average, while further analysis shows that the return difference was broadened after the disclosure regulation. It is found that the statistical attributes of the underlying assets are critical to the product performance while they are hidden by the issuer of ACRCs. The disclosure regulation is presumed to enhance information disclosure and to further protect the investors, but the deteriorated performance of ACRCs indicates a failure of the regulation. To protect the anonymity and confidentiality, the identity of the issuer of ACRCs in our sample is removed without compromising the validity of our research. The original data is available upon request.

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