scholarly journals Gridded Satellite (GridSat) GOES and CONUS data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1417-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Knapp ◽  
Scott L. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Gridded Data ◽  
Extra Information ◽  
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Current Series ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
The Us

Abstract. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series is operated by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While in operation since the mid-1970s, the current series (GOES 8–15) has been operational since 1994. This document describes the Gridded Satellite (GridSat) data, which provide GOES data in a modern format. Four steps describe the conversion of original GOES data to GridSat data: (1) temporal resampling to produce files with evenly spaced time steps, (2) spatial remapping to produce evenly spaced gridded data (0.04∘ latitude), (3) calibrating the original data and storing brightness temperatures for infrared (IR) channels and reflectance for the visible channel, and (4) calculating spatial variability to provide extra information that can help identify clouds. The GridSat data are provided on two separate domains: GridSat-GOES provides hourly data for the Western Hemisphere (spanning the entire GOES domain) and GridSat-CONUS covers the contiguous US (CONUS) every 15 min (dataset reference: https://doi.org/10.7289/V5HM56GM).

scholarly journals Gridded Satellite (GridSat) GOES and CONUS data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Knapp ◽  
Scott L. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Gridded Data ◽  
Extra Information ◽  
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Current Series ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
The U.S

Abstract. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series is operated by the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While in operation since the 1970s, the current series (GOES 8-15) has been operational since 1994. This document describes the Gridded Satellite (GridSat) data, which provides GOES data in a modern format. Four steps describe the conversion of original GOES data to GridSat data: 1) temporal resampling to produce files with evenly spaced time steps, 2) spatial remapping to produce evenly spaced gridded data (0.04° latitude), 3) calibrating the original data and storing brightness temperatures for infrared channels and reflectance for the visible channel, and 4) calculating spatial variability to provide extra information that can help identify clouds. The GridSat data are provided on two separate domains: GridSat-GOES provides hourly data for the Western Hemisphere (spanning the entire GOES domain) and GridSat-CONUS covers the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) every 15 minutes. Dataset reference: doi:10.7289/V5HM56GM

scholarly journals Fundamental Climate Data Records of Microwave Brightness Temperatures

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Berg ◽  
Rachael Kroodsma ◽  
Christian Kummerow ◽  
Darren McKague
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Precipitation Total ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Microwave Imager

An intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) of brightness temperatures (Tb) has been developed using data from a total of 14 research and operational conical-scanning microwave imagers. This dataset provides a consistent 30+ year data record of global observations that is well suited for retrieving estimates of precipitation, total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, ocean surface wind speed, sea ice extent and concentration, snow cover, soil moisture, and land surface emissivity. An initial FCDR was developed for a series of ten Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. An updated version of this dataset, including additional NASA and Japanese sensors, has been developed as part of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The FCDR development efforts involved quality control of the original data, geolocation corrections, calibration corrections to account for cross-track and time-dependent calibration errors, and intercalibration to ensure consistency with the calibration reference. Both the initial SSMI(S) and subsequent GPM Level 1C FCDR datasets are documented, updated in near real-time, and publicly distributed.

scholarly journals Sampling density and date influence spatial representation of tree ring reconstructions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin T. Maxwell ◽  
Grant L. Harley ◽  
Trevis J. Matheus ◽  
Brandon M. Strange ◽  
Kayla Van Aken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Ring Network ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
The Us

Abstract. Our understanding of the natural variability of hydroclimate before the instrumental period (ca. 1900 in the United States; US) is largely dependent on tree-ring-based reconstructions. Large-scale soil moisture reconstructions from a network of tree-ring chronologies have greatly improved our understanding of the spatial and temporal variability in hydroclimate conditions, particularly extremes of both drought and pluvial (wet) events. However, certain regions within these large-scale reconstructions in the US have a sparse network of tree-ring chronologies. Further, several chronologies were collected in the 1980s and 1990s, thus our understanding of the sensitivity of radial growth to soil moisture in the US is based on a period that experienced multiple extremely severe droughts and neglects the impacts of recent, rapid global change. In this study, we expanded the tree-ring network of the Ohio River Valley in the US, a region with sparse coverage. We used a total of 72 chronologies across 15 species to examine how increasing the density of the tree-ring network influences the representation of reconstructing the Palmer Meteorological Drought Index (PMDI). Further, we tested how the sampling date influenced the reconstruction models by creating reconstructions that ended in the year 1980 and compared them to reconstructions ending in 2010 from the same chronologies. We found that increasing the density of the tree-ring network resulted in reconstructed values that better matched the spatial variability of instrumentally recorded droughts and to a lesser extent, pluvials. By sampling tree in 2010 compared to 1980, the sensitivity of tree rings to PMDI decreased in the southern portion of our region where severe drought conditions have been absent over recent decades. We emphasize the need of building a high-density tree-ring network to better represent the spatial variability of past droughts and pluvials. Further, chronologies on the International Tree-Ring Data Bank need updating regularly to better understand how the sensitivity of tree rings to climate may vary through time.

I. The Geopolitics of Power Projection in US Foreign Policy: From Colonization to Globalization

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Houweling ◽  
Mehdi Parvizi Amineh
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Cultural Symbols ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Us Air Force ◽  
The Us

AbstractThis Chapter studies continuity and innovation in the geopolitics of America in projecting power beyond legally recognized borders. Exporting cultural symbols expressing what America has on offer plays as crucial a role in the opening of societies beyond borders as commodity exports and the activities of the CIA and the US Air Force do. The historical part summarizes early experience and aims at uncovering continuity in the foreign policy of getting America offshore. The hypothesis is that the US objective of inserting power and influence in West and CEA is to deny to a single state, other than the US itself, or coalition of powers not including the US, the capability to set conditions for accessing the energy resources of West and CEA. Our argument is that such a dominating coalition of actors not including the US, would arise from the creation of overland energy and other transportation links among the industries of Western Europe, Russia, Turkey, Northeast Asia, and China, leading to economic unification of Eurasia. Economic unification by creating overland energy and transport links of much of Eurasia would deprive the US navy of its power to interdict supplies of oil and food to core industrial areas of Eurasia and Japan. The reassertion of Russian power in the Caucasus and Central Asia should therefore be prevented. The EU and Japan should be prevented from developing autonomous military power and be kept dependent on maritime transported energy and food supplies. China should not host pipelines connecting energy resources of West Asia and CEA with the industries of Japan and Korea, whose unification and economic and strategic merger with China should be prevented. Iraq, Iran, and the Saudi Kingdom should be reformed into powers friendly of the US. Energy unification by overland transport systems, leading to economic unification between industries of these entities, would give major powers of the Asian landmass the potential for setting conditions for the US state and non-state actors to access the resources on the largest of world's islands. Such a power shift between the world's continents would reduce the Western Hemisphere to a rather dependent offshore island between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

scholarly journals Information – based uncertainty decomposition in dual channel microwave remote sensing of soil moisture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonan Li ◽  
Stephen P. Good
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mutual Information ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
The Us ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract. NASA's Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission characterizes global spatiotemporal patterns in surface soil moisture using dual L-band microwave retrievals of horizontal, TBh, and vertical, TBv, polarized microwave brightness temperatures through a modeled relationship between vegetation opacity and surface scattering albedo (i.e. tau-omega model). Although this model has been validated against in situ soil moisture measurements across sparse validations sites, there is lack of systematic characterization of where and why SMAP estimates deviate from the in situ observations. Here, soil moisture observations from the US Climate Reference Network are used within a mutual information framework to decompose the overall retrieval uncertainty from SMAPs Modified Dual Channel Algorithm (MDCA) into random uncertainty derived from raw data itself and model uncertainty derived from the model’s inherent structure. The results shown that, on average, 12 % of the uncertainty in SMAP soil moisture estimates is caused by the loss of information in the MDCA model itself while the remainder is induced by inadequacy of TBh and TBv observations. We find the fraction of algorithm induced uncertainty is negatively correlated (pearson r of −0.48) with correlations between in-situ observations and MDCA estimates. A decomposition of mutual information between TBh, TBv and MDCA soil moisture shows that on average 55 % of the mutual information is redundantly shared by TBh and TBv, while the information provided uniquely from both TBh and TBv is 15 %. The fraction of information redundantly provided by TBh and TBv was found to be tightly correlated (pearson r = −0.7) to how well the MDCA output correlated to in situ observations. Thus, MDCA overall quality improves as TBh and TBv provide more redundant information for the MDCA. This suggests the informational redundancy between these remotely sensed observations can be used as independent metric to assess the overall quality of algorithms using these data streams. This study provides a baseline approach that can also be applied to evaluate other remote sensing models and understand informational loss as satellite retrievals are translated to end user products.

scholarly journals Women’s Underrepresentation in Corporate Power in Norway and US: Beyond In-group Favoritism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigtona Halrynjo ◽  
Mary Blair-Loy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Corporate Power ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Findings

Despite increasing gender-equality in many areas, corporate power is still strongly male-dominated. Prevailing research often relies on the cognitive, demand-side mechanism of in-group favoritism based on single-country studies to produce generalized explanations of men’s dominance in top management and to recommend remedies, such as gender quotas on boards. However, existing research findings are mixed. We contribute to the research field by analyzing original data from 457 large companies in Norway and the US, examining associations of the gender-composition on boards and in the actual Executive Committees. The predictions of in-group favoritism are partly supported in the US, but largely not supported for Norwegian companies with gender-balanced boards due to quotas. We argue that in-group favoritism is an incomplete explanation. We call for research examining the organizational and societal processes curtailing the supply of qualified women for top-executive positions, across national and regulatory contexts and organizational levels.

scholarly journals Is there a Sheriff anymore? Vietnam’s legacy on US-Nicaraguan relations during the Carter Era, 1977-1981

2011 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Ivan McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Carter Administration ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us

My project explores the extent to which the Vietnam legacy influenced US-Nicaraguan relations during the transition of power that took place in Nicaragua during James Earl Carter’s presidency. The Vietnam legacy is characterised by the increased influences of the US Congress, press, public and Latin America on US executive decisions. Understanding the role of the Vietnam legacy shows that the Carter administration had not regained the US’s ‘lost confidence.’ The US’s anxiety over Vietnam remained and left a void in the Western Hemisphere when Nicaragua needed guidance and assistance from the US during its political transition. On July 19, 1979, the forty-year old traditionally US backed dictatorship led by Anastasio Somoza Debayle was overthrown in Nicaragua by a coalition of Nicaraguans encompassing the business, academic, religious and working classes. Somoza’s opponents went on to create a new government for Nicaragua. Although they were initially euphoric in the aftermath of Somoza’s ...

Albert Valdman (ed.), French and creole in Louisiana. (Topics in language and linguistics.) New York & London: Plenum, 1997. Pp. xiii, 372.

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-147
Author(s):  
Felice Anne Coles
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cajun French ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Louisiana French ◽  
The Us

The purpose of this volume is not only to provide “more delicate and accurate descriptions” (p. 2) of Louisiana French, but also to highlight the variation, origins, and social contexts of French-related varieties in Louisiana. The volume's editor, whose research on French and creole linguistics spans decades (cf. Valdman 1977, 1978, 1983, 1993) has gathered – starting from workshops and annual meetings on regional dialects – an impressive collection of articles on Western Hemisphere French, in order to create a comprehensive overview of the past, present, and future of French in Louisiana. The reader may consider dividing the book into four sections: (a) general issues surrounding endangered languages and minority languages in the US; (b) linguistic sketches of Cajun French (CF) and Louisiana Creole (LC); (c) discussions of sociopolitical events surrounding the language planning and preservation movements; and (d) chapters devoted to other varieties of French that have similarities to CF and LC.

scholarly journals Estimating background contributions and US anthropogenic enhancements to maximum ozone concentrations in the northern US

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 12587-12605 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Parrish ◽  
Christine A. Ennis
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standard

Abstract. US ambient ozone concentrations have two components: US background ozone and enhancements produced from the country's anthropogenic precursor emissions. Only the enhancements effectively respond to national emission controls. We investigate the temporal evolution and spatial variability in the largest ozone concentrations, i.e., those that define the ozone design value (ODV) upon which the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is based, within the northern tier of US states. We focus on two regions: rural western states, with only small anthropogenic precursor emissions, and the urbanized northeastern states, which include the New York City urban area, the nation's most populated. The US background ODV (i.e., the ODV remaining if US anthropogenic precursor emissions were reduced to zero) is estimated to vary from 54 to 63 ppb in the rural western states and to be smaller and nearly constant (45.8±3.0 ppb) throughout the northeastern states. These US background ODVs correspond to 65 % to 90 % of the 2015 NAAQS of 70 ppb. Over the past 2 to 3 decades US emission control efforts have decreased the US anthropogenic ODV enhancements at an approximately exponential rate, with an e-folding time constant of ∼22 years. These ODV enhancements are relatively large in the northeastern US, with state maximum ODV enhancements of ∼35–64 ppb in 2000, but are not discernible in the rural western states. The US background ODV contribution is significantly larger than the present-day ODV enhancements due to photochemical production from US anthropogenic precursor emissions in the urban as well as the rural regions investigated. Forward projections of past trends suggest that average maximum ODVs in northeastern US will drop below the NAAQS of 70 ppb by about 2021, assuming that the exponential decrease in the ODV enhancements can be maintained and the US background ODV remains constant. This estimate is much more optimistic than in the Los Angeles urban area, where a similar approach estimates the maximum ODV to reach 70 ppb in ∼2050 (Parrish et al., 2017a). The primary reason for this large difference is the significantly higher US ODV background (62.0±2.0 ppb) estimated for the Los Angeles urban area. The approach used in this work has some unquantified uncertainties that are discussed. Models can also estimate US background ODVs; some of those results are shown to correlate with the observationally based estimates derived here (r2 values for different models are ∼0.31 to 0.90), but they are on average systematically lower by 4 to 13 ppb. Further model improvement is required until their output can accurately reproduce the time series and spatial variability in observed ODVs. Ideally, the uncertainties in the model and observationally based approaches can then be reduced through additional comparisons.

Forcing the President's Hand: How the US Congress Shapes Foreign Policy through Sanctions Legislation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-416
Author(s):  
Jordan Tama
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
Foreign Governments

Abstract Given the US president's leading role in many areas of American foreign policy, one might expect the president to prevail in executive-legislative clashes over economic sanctions. In this paper, I show that, with surprising frequency, US legislators overcome presidential opposition to their sanctions proposals and induce the president to take foreign policy actions that he or she would not otherwise take. My argument explains why the president often signs and implements sanctions legislation despite considering it inadvisable, as well as how sanctions legislation can influence foreign policy actions, the behavior of foreign governments, or international diplomacy in other ways. I support the argument with descriptive statistics based on an original data set of over a hundred legislative sanctions proposals and a case study of the effects of legislative initiatives targeting Iran over a period of two decades. The paper's findings show that legislative activity is more important than some previous research on sanctions and US foreign policy suggests.

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