A Model to Improve Security Questions Through Individualized Assistance

Security questions are considered a viable alternative for secondary and supplementary authentication. Security questions are susceptible to three types of attacks: blind (brute force), focused guess (statistical), and observation (research/personal). This research outlines how informing users of potential security threats through a security meter may improve security with minimal impact on usability and trust. A security-question authentication model is proposed that builds on the strengths of security question responses, chiefly their ease of recall and higher entropy, while mitigating the core weaknesses of the model, which are the lack of uniform answers and public accessibility to answers. Users that were made aware of the entropy of their responses were more likely to provide stronger responses to the security questions without affecting the repeatability of the responses to the questions but negatively impacting the memorability.

PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE NECESSITY OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the study was to demonstrate particular legal and objective reasons for necessity and expediency of legal regulation advancement, development and usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Ukraine. Chapter 1 «Understanding of Artificial Intelligence» gives examples of AI applications, doctrinal and diverse legal definitions of AI. Chapter 2 «Necessity and Expediency of legal regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Ukraine» shows the necessity of legal regulation, exemplifies the gaps in current legislation. This Chapter demonstrates that it is paramount to establish protection of IP rights within AI legal relationships in Ukraine. Also, Chapter 2 analyzes particular issues in AI and national, international and social security, questions of data protection. Chapter 3 «Conclusion» demonstrates that absence of specific AI regulation could potentially lead to numerous problems in public/private sectors, for economics, businesses, civilians. Key words: Artificial Intelligence (AI), legal regulation of AI, intellectual property (IP) protection, national security, protection of human rights and freedoms, data protection.

Global Standard Setting in Internet Governance

The standards development organization’s (SDO) role in Internet governance is notable given its central place in society. The bulk of decision-making for the Internet takes place in technical standards fora, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which have no formal state or public sector body membership. Recent years have seen a significant degree of spill-over of highly politicized policy areas such as data protection, digital rights management, security, and bandwidth and spectrum to SDOs, policies which were formerly domains of the nation state. SDOs are grappling with the efficiency of cloud storage, limits of spectrum use, and autonomy and management of devices. Security questions abound as demonstrated by the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Snowden revelations. The book breaks new ground by exploring decision-making within SDOs. It provides an invaluable insight into a world, which, although highly technical, affects the way in which citizens live and work on a daily basis. The work stands out from existing literature on Internet governance, which focuses on international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). As such, it adds significantly to the trajectory of research that explores the relationship between politics and protocols. It explains the interplay between different interests and whether civil society and other actors are able to defend and promote citizens’ rights within SDOs. As such, it contributes to knowledge about how the public interest is promoted.

Social Aspects of Reliability and Security Issues of Authentication Solutions

This paper marks out possible further research directions based on the research problem that security awareness or unawareness has an impact on the correct approach of society-related security issues, acting as a human risk factor. Considering technically emerging reliability problems of authentication solutions (focusing on biometrics) as vulnerabilities, the author makes suggestions upon implementing possible risk management steps. Elements of the complex answer given to security questions related to private and organisational (employee) behavior can be an increase of the level of leadership commitment, evolvement of the organisational security awareness and continuous improvement of problem handling process.

Prawnomiędzynarodowy standard sądowej kontroli w sprawach związanych z zabezpieczeniem społecznym a regulacje polskie

The Convention of ILO № 102 is the basic source of international-law rules in the area of social security. This convention concerns the standards of judicial review in matters regarding social security. It declares that whenever a claim is settled by a special tribunal established to deal with social security questions and on which the protected persons are represented, no right of appeal should be required. It means that matters regarding social security should be settled by tribunals that are organizationally, personally and procedurally separated from those dealing with other cases. In Poland, most of the matters regarding social security are settled by common courts, by their special departments, in a special procedure. Nevertheless, relevant departments can also deal with cases concerning labor law and they do not consist of persons who are not judges and represent protected persons. It means that the Polish regulations concerning the judicial review in matters regarding social security do not fulfill the standard established by the Convention № 102.