scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Calibrating a long-term meteoric <sup>10</sup>Be delivery rate into Western US glacial deposits through a comparison of complimentary meteoric and in situ-produced <sup>10</sup>Be depth profiles"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Clow ◽  
Jane K. Willenbring ◽  
Mirjam Schaller ◽  
Joel D. Blum ◽  
Marcus Christl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Delivery Rate ◽  
Glacial Deposits ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Western Us ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Calibrating a long-term meteoric <sup>10</sup>Be delivery rate into eroding western US glacial deposits by comparing meteoric and in situ produced <sup>10</sup>Be depth profiles

Geochronology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
Travis Clow ◽  
Jane K. Willenbring ◽  
Mirjam Schaller ◽  
Joel D. Blum ◽  
Marcus Christl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Delivery Rate ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Denudation Rates ◽  
Solar Intensity ◽  
A Site

Abstract. Meteoric 10Be (10Bemet) concentrations in soil profiles have great potential as a geochronometer and a tracer of Earth surface processes, particularly in fine-grained soils lacking quartz that would preclude the use of in situ produced 10Be (10Bein situ). One prerequisite for using this technique for accurately calculating rates and dates is constraining the delivery, or flux, of 10Bemet to a site. However, few studies to date have quantified long-term (i.e., millennial) delivery rates, and none have determined a delivery rate for an eroding soil. In this study, we compared existing concentrations of 10Bein situ with new measurements of 10Bemet in eroding soils sampled from the same depth profiles to calibrate a long-term 10Bemet delivery rate. We did so on the Pinedale (∼ 21–25 kyr) and Bull Lake (∼ 140 kyr) glacial moraines at Fremont Lake, Wyoming (USA), where age, grain sizes, weathering indices, and soil properties are known, as are erosion and denudation rates calculated from 10Bein situ. After ensuring sufficient beryllium retention in each profile, solving for the delivery rate of 10Bemet, and normalizing for paleomagnetic and solar intensity variations over the Holocene, we calculate 10Bemet fluxes of 1.46 (±0.20) × 106 atoms cm−2 yr−1 and 1.30 (±0.48) × 106 atoms cm−2 yr−1 to the Pinedale and Bull Lake moraines, respectively, and compare these values to two widely used 10Bemet delivery rate estimation methods that substantially differ for this site. Accurately estimating the 10Bemet flux using these methods requires a consideration of spatial scale and temporally varying parameters (i.e., paleomagnetic field intensity, solar modulation) to ensure the most realistic estimates of 10Bemet-derived erosion rates in future studies.

scholarly journals Calibrating a long-term meteoric <sup>10</sup>Be delivery rate into Western US glacial deposits through a comparison of complimentary meteoric and in situ-produced <sup>10</sup>Be depth profiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Clow ◽  
Jane K. Willenbring ◽  
Mirjam Schaller ◽  
Joel D. Blum ◽  
Marcus Christl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Delivery Rate ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Denudation Rates ◽  
A Site

Abstract. Meteoric 10Be (10Bemet) concentrations in soil profiles great potential as a geochronometer and a tracer of Earth surface processes, particularly in fine-grained soils lacking quartz that would preclude the use of in situ-produced 10Be (10Bein situ). One prerequisite for using this technique for accurately calculating rates and dates is constraining the delivery, or flux, of 10Bemet to a site. However, few studies to date have quantified long-term (i.e. millennial) delivery rates. In this study, we compared existing concentrations of 10Bein situ with new measurements of 10Bemet in soils sampled from the same depth profiles to calibrate a long-term 10Bemet delivery rate. We did so on the Pinedale and Bull Lake glacial moraines at Fremont Lake, Wyoming (USA) where age, grain sizes, weathering indices, and soil properties are known, as are erosion/denudation rates calculated from 10Bein situ. After ensuring sufficient beryllium retention in each profile, solving for the delivery rate of 10Bemet via Monte Carlo simulations, and normalizing to Holocene-average paleomagnetic intensity, we calculate best-fit fluxes of 0.92 (+/− 0.08) × 106 and 0.71 (+0.09/−0.08) × 106 atoms cm−2 y−1 to the Pinedale and Bull Lake moraines, respectively, and compare these values to two widely-used 10Bemet delivery rate estimation methods. Accurately estimating 10Bemet flux using these methods requires careful consideration of spatial scale as well as temporally varying parameters (e.g. paleomagnetic field intensity) to ensure the most realistic estimates of 10Bemet-derived erosion rates in future studies.

scholarly journals Wildfires increasingly impact western US fluvial networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grady Ball ◽  
Peter Regier ◽  
Ricardo González-Pinzón ◽  
Justin Reale ◽  
David Van Horn
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Western Us

AbstractWildfires are increasing globally in frequency, severity, and extent, but their impact on fluvial networks, and the resources they provide, remains unclear. We combine remote sensing of burn perimeter and severity, in-situ water quality monitoring, and longitudinal modeling to create the first large-scale, long-term estimates of stream+river length impacted by wildfire for the western US. We find that wildfires directly impact ~6% of the total stream+river length between 1984 and 2014, increasing at a rate of 342 km/year. When longitudinal propagation of water quality impacts is included, we estimate that wildfires affect ~11% of the total stream+river length. Our results indicate that wildfire activity is one of the largest drivers of aquatic impairment, though it is not routinely reported by regulatory agencies, as wildfire impacts on fluvial networks remain unconstrained. We identify key actions to address this knowledge gap and better understand the growing threat to fluvial networks, water security, and public health risks.

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Long-term aerosol optical hygroscopicity study at the ACTRIS SIRTA observatory: synergy between ceilometer and in-situ measurements"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Esteban Bedoya-Velásquez ◽  
Gloria Titos ◽  
Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda ◽  
Martial Haeffelin ◽  
Olivier Favez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Long-term groundwater recharge rates across India by in situ measurements"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumendra N. Bhanja ◽  
Abhijit Mukherjee ◽  
Rangarajan Ramaswamy ◽  
Bridget R. Scanlon ◽  
Pragnaditya Malakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Recharge Rates

scholarly journals Global soil moisture data derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungmin O. ◽  
Rene Orth
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Soil

AbstractWhile soil moisture information is essential for a wide range of hydrologic and climate applications, spatially-continuous soil moisture data is only available from satellite observations or model simulations. Here we present a global, long-term dataset of soil moisture derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements, SoMo.ml. We train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to extrapolate daily soil moisture dynamics in space and in time, based on in-situ data collected from more than 1,000 stations across the globe. SoMo.ml provides multi-layer soil moisture data (0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, and 30–50 cm) at 0.25° spatial and daily temporal resolution over the period 2000–2019. The performance of the resulting dataset is evaluated through cross validation and inter-comparison with existing soil moisture datasets. SoMo.ml performs especially well in terms of temporal dynamics, making it particularly useful for applications requiring time-varying soil moisture, such as anomaly detection and memory analyses. SoMo.ml complements the existing suite of modelled and satellite-based datasets given its distinct derivation, to support large-scale hydrological, meteorological, and ecological analyses.

scholarly journals A Study of UVER in Santiago, Chile Based on Long-Term In Situ Measurements (Five Years) and Empirical Modelling

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Lisdelys González-Rodríguez ◽  
Amauri Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Lien Rodríguez-López ◽  
Jorge Rosas ◽  
David Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Uv Index ◽  
Empirical Modelling ◽  
The People

Ultraviolet radiation is a highly energetic component of the solar spectrum that needs to be monitored because is harmful to life on Earth, especially in areas where the ozone layer has been depleted, like Chile. This work is the first to address the long-term (five-year) behaviour of ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) in Santiago, Chile (33.5° S, 70.7° W, 500 m) using in situ measurements and empirical modelling. Observations indicate that to alert the people on the risks of UVER overexposure, it is necessary to use, in addition to the currently available UV index (UVI), three more erythema indices: standard erythemal doses (SEDs), minimum erythemal doses (MEDs), and sun exposure time (tery). The combination of UVI, SEDs, MEDs, and tery shows that in Santiago, individuals with skin types III and IV are exposed to harmfully high UVER doses for 46% of the time that UVI indicates is safe. Empirical models predicted hourly and daily values UVER in Santiago with great accuracy and can be applied to other Chilean urban areas with similar climate. This research inspires future advances in reconstructing large datasets to analyse the UVER in Central Chile, its trends, and its changes.

scholarly journals In-Situ Annealed Ti3C2Tx MXene Based All-Solid-State Flexible Zn-Ion Hybrid Micro Supercapacitor Array with Enhanced Stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Li ◽  
Weijia Liu ◽  
Kai Jiang ◽  
Di Chen ◽  
Fengyu Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electrochemical Performances ◽  
Integrated Electronics ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Hybrid Supercapacitors ◽  
Portable Electronics

AbstractZn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (SCs) are considered as promising energy storage owing to their high energy density compared to traditional SCs. How to realize the miniaturization, patterning, and flexibility of the Zn-ion SCs without affecting the electrochemical performances has special meanings for expanding their applications in wearable integrated electronics. Ti3C2Tx cathode with outstanding conductivity, unique lamellar structure and good mechanical flexibility has been demonstrated tremendous potential in the design of Zn-ion SCs, but achieving long cycling stability and high rate stability is still big challenges. Here, we proposed a facile laser writing approach to fabricate patterned Ti3C2Tx-based Zn-ion micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), followed by the in-situ anneal treatment of the assembled MSCs to improve the long-term stability, which exhibits 80% of the capacitance retention even after 50,000 charge/discharge cycles and superior rate stability. The influence of the cathode thickness on the electrochemical performance of the MSCs is also studied. When the thickness reaches 0.851 µm the maximum areal capacitance of 72.02 mF cm−2 at scan rate of 10 mV s−1, which is 1.77 times higher than that with a thickness of 0.329 µm (35.6 mF cm−2). Moreover, the fabricated Ti3C2Tx based Zn-ion MSCs have excellent flexibility, a digital timer can be driven by the single device even under bending state, a flexible LED displayer of “TiC” logo also can be easily lighted by the MSC arrays under twisting, crimping, and winding conditions, demonstrating the scalable fabrication and application of the fabricated MSCs in portable electronics.

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