scholarly journals The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4823-4873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C. Swart ◽  
Jason N. S. Cole ◽  
Viatcheslav V. Kharin ◽  
Mike Lazare ◽  
John F. Scinocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Historical Climate ◽  
Model Version

Abstract. The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization, and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large-scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three-dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution equivalent roughly to 2.8∘) and ocean (nominally 1∘) general circulation models, a sea-ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.6 K) than its predecessor, CanESM2 (3.7 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

scholarly journals The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C. Swart ◽  
Jason N. S. Cole ◽  
Viatcheslav V. Kharin ◽  
Mike Lazare ◽  
John F. Scinocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Historical Climate ◽  
Model Version

Abstract. The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution/2.8°) and ocean (nominally 1°) general circulation models, a sea ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.7 K) than its predecessor CanESM2 (3.8 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations are contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

scholarly journals The Brazilian Earth System Model version 2.5: Evaluation of its CMIP5 historical simulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro F. Veiga ◽  
Paulo Nobre ◽  
Emanuel Giarolla ◽  
Vinicius Capistrano ◽  
Manoel Baptista Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
System Model ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Historical Simulation ◽  
Model Version ◽  
The North

Abstract. The performance of the coupled ocean-atmosphere component of the Brazilian Earth System Model version 2.5 (BESM-OA2.5) simulating the historical period 1850–2005 is evaluated. Following climate model validation procedure, in which the atmospheric and oceanic main variabilities are validated against observation and Reanalysis datasets, the evaluation particularly focuses the mean climate state and the most important large-scale climate variability patterns simulated in the historical run, which is forced by observed greenhouse gas concentration. The most significant upgrades in the model’s components are also presented briefly. BESM-OA2.5 is able to reproduce the most important large-scale variabilities, particularly over the Atlantic (e.g. the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Atlantic Meridional Mode and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) and the extratropical modes that occur in both hemispheres. The model's ability in simulating large-scale variabilities indicates its usefulness for seasonal climate prediction and climate change studies.

scholarly journals Interactive ocean bathymetry and coastlines for simulating the last deglaciation with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-v1.2)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virna Loana Meccia ◽  
Uwe Mikolajewicz
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Bottom Topography ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Last Deglaciation ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
The Last Deglaciation

Abstract. As ice sheets grow or decay, the net flux of freshwater into the ocean changes and the bedrock adjusts due to isostatic adjustments, leading to variations in the bottom topography and the oceanic boundaries. This process was particularly intense during the last deglaciation due to the high rates of ice-sheet melting. It is, therefore, necessary to consider transient ocean bathymetry and coastlines when attempting to simulate the last deglaciation with Earth System Models (ESMs). However, in most standard ESMs the land-sea mask is fixed throughout simulations because the generation of a new ocean model bathymetry implies several levels of manual corrections, a procedure that is hardly doable very often for long runs. This is one of the main technical problems towards simulating a complete glacial cycle with general circulation models. For the first time, we present a tool allowing for an automatic computation of bathymetry and land-sea mask changes in the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The strategy applied is described in detail and the algorithms are tested in a long-term simulation demonstrating the reliable behaviour. Our approach guarantees the conservation of mass and tracers at global and regional scales. The modules presented in this paper are a promising tool to be used with the MPI-ESM to allow for transient simulations of the last deglaciation considering interactive bathymetry and land-sea mask.

scholarly journals Using radar observations to evaluate 3-D radar echo structure simulated by the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) version 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 719-734
Author(s):  
Jingyu Wang ◽  
Jiwen Fan ◽  
Robert A. Houze Jr. ◽  
Stella R. Brodzik ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
Radar Reflectivity ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Radar Observations

Abstract. The Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) developed by the Department of Energy has a goal of addressing challenges in understanding the global water cycle. Success depends on correct simulation of cloud and precipitation elements. However, lack of appropriate evaluation metrics has hindered the accurate representation of these elements in general circulation models. We derive metrics from the three-dimensional data of the ground-based Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) network over the US to evaluate both horizontal and vertical structures of precipitation elements. We coarsened the resolution of the radar observations to be consistent with the model resolution and improved the coupling of the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observation Simulator Package (COSP) and E3SM Atmospheric Model Version 1 (EAMv1) to obtain the best possible model output for comparison with the observations. Three warm seasons (2014–2016) of EAMv1 simulations of 3-D radar reflectivity features at an hourly scale are evaluated. A general agreement in domain-mean radar reflectivity intensity is found between EAMv1 and NEXRAD below 4 km altitude; however, the model underestimates reflectivity over the central US, which suggests that the model does not capture the mesoscale convective systems that produce much of the precipitation in that region. The shape of the model-estimated histogram of subgrid-scale reflectivity is improved by correcting the microphysical assumptions in COSP. Different from previous studies that evaluated modeled cloud top height, we find the model severely underestimates radar reflectivity at upper levels – the simulated echo top height is about 5 km lower than in observations – and this result is not changed by tuning any single physics parameter. For more accurate model evaluation, a higher-order consistency between the COSP and the host model is warranted in future studies.

scholarly journals Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects of large-scale forest cover changes in the MPI earth system model

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bathiany ◽  
M. Claussen ◽  
V. Brovkin ◽  
T. Raddatz ◽  
V. Gayler
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Afforestation and reforestation have become popular instruments of climate mitigation policy, as forests are known to store large quantities of carbon. However, they also modify the fluxes of energy, water and momentum at the land surface. Previous studies have shown that these biogeophysical effects can counteract the carbon drawdown and, in boreal latitudes, even overcompensate it due to large albedo differences between forest canopy and snow. This study investigates the role forest cover plays for global climate by conducting deforestation and afforestation experiments with the earth system model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-ESM). Complete deforestation of the tropics (18.75° S–15° N) exerts a global warming of 0.4 °C due to an increase in CO2 concentration by initially 60 ppm and a decrease in evapotranspiration in the deforested areas. In the northern latitudes (45° N–90° N), complete deforestation exerts a global cooling of 0.25 °C after 100 years, while afforestation leads to an equally large warming, despite the counteracting changes in CO2 concentration. Earlier model studies are qualitatively confirmed by these findings. As the response of temperature as well as terrestrial carbon pools is not of equal sign at every land cell, considering forests as cooling in the tropics and warming in high latitudes seems to be true only for the spatial mean, but not on a local scale.

scholarly journals Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects of large-scale forest cover changes in the MPI earth system model

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1383-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bathiany ◽  
M. Claussen ◽  
V. Brovkin ◽  
T. Raddatz ◽  
V. Gayler
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Afforestation and reforestation have become popular instruments of climate mitigation policy, as forests are known to store large quantities of carbon. However, they also modify the fluxes of energy, water and momentum at the land surface. Previous studies have shown that these biogeophysical effects can counteract the carbon drawdown and, in boreal latitudes, even overcompensate it due to large albedo differences between forest canopy and snow. This study investigates the role forest cover plays for global climate by conducting deforestation and afforestation experiments with the earth system model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-ESM). Complete deforestation of the tropics (18.75° S–15° N) exerts a global warming of 0.4 °C due to an increase in CO2 concentration by initially 60 ppm and a decrease in evapotranspiration in the deforested areas. In the northern latitudes (45° N–90° N), complete deforestation exerts a global cooling of 0.25 °C after 100 years, while afforestation leads to an equally large warming, despite the counteracting changes in CO2 concentration. Earlier model studies are qualitatively confirmed by these findings. As the response of temperature as well as terrestrial carbon pools is not of equal sign at every land cell, considering forests as cooling in the tropics and warming in high latitudes seems to be true only for the spatial mean, but not on a local scale.

scholarly journals Variable C : N : P stoichiometry of dissolved organic matter cycling in the Community Earth System Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 9071-9101 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Letscher ◽  
J. K. Moore ◽  
Y.-C. Teng ◽  
F. Primeau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Community Earth System Model

Abstract. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the ocean's biological carbon pump by providing an advective/mixing pathway for ~ 20% of export production. DOM is known to have a stoichiometry depleted in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compared to the particulate organic matter pool, a~fact that is often omitted from biogeochemical-ocean general circulation models. However the variable C : N : P stoichiometry of DOM becomes important when quantifying carbon export from the upper ocean and linking the nutrient cycles of N and P with that of carbon. Here we utilize recent advances in DOM observational data coverage and offline tracer-modeling techniques to objectively constrain the variable production and remineralization rates of the DOM C / N / P pools in a simple biogeochemical-ocean model of DOM cycling. The optimized DOM cycling parameters are then incorporated within the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) component of the Community Earth System Model and validated against the compilation of marine DOM observations. The optimized BEC simulation including variable DOM C : N : P cycling was found to better reproduce the observed DOM spatial gradients than simulations that used the canonical Redfield ratio. Global annual average export of dissolved organic C, N, and P below 100 m was found to be 2.28 Pg C yr−1 (143 Tmol C yr−1), 16.4 Tmol N yr−1, and 1 Tmol P yr−1, respectively with an average export C : N : P stoichiometry of 225 : 19 : 1 for the semilabile (degradable) DOM pool. DOC export contributed ~ 25% of the combined organic C export to depths greater than 100 m.

scholarly journals Variable C : N : P stoichiometry of dissolved organic matter cycling in the Community Earth System Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Letscher ◽  
J. K. Moore ◽  
Y.-C. Teng ◽  
F. Primeau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Community Earth System Model

Abstract. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the ocean's biological carbon pump by providing an advective/mixing pathway for ~ 20% of export production. DOM is known to have a stoichiometry depleted in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compared to the particulate organic matter pool, a fact that is often omitted from biogeochemical ocean general circulation models. However the variable C : N : P stoichiometry of DOM becomes important when quantifying carbon export from the upper ocean and linking the nutrient cycles of N and P with that of carbon. Here we utilize recent advances in DOM observational data coverage and offline tracer-modeling techniques to objectively constrain the variable production and remineralization rates of the DOM C : N : P pools in a simple biogeochemical-ocean model of DOM cycling. The optimized DOM cycling parameters are then incorporated within the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and validated against the compilation of marine DOM observations. The optimized BEC simulation including variable DOM C : N : P cycling was found to better reproduce the observed DOM spatial gradients than simulations that used the canonical Redfield ratio. Global annual average export of dissolved organic C, N, and P below 100 m was found to be 2.28 Pg C yr−1 (143 Tmol C yr−1, 16.4 Tmol N yr−1, and 1 Tmol P yr−1, respectively, with an average export C : N : P stoichiometry of 225 : 19 : 1 for the semilabile (degradable) DOM pool. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export contributed ~ 25% of the combined organic C export to depths greater than 100 m.

scholarly journals Marine biogeochemical cycling and oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake simulated by the NUIST Earth System Model version 3 (NESM v3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3119-3144
Author(s):  
Yifei Dai ◽  
Long Cao ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Upper Ocean ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Model Version

Abstract. In this study, we evaluate the performance of the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST) Earth System Model version 3 (hereafter NESM v3) in simulating the marine biogeochemical cycle and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. Compared with observations, the NESM v3 reproduces the large-scale patterns of biogeochemical fields reasonably well in the upper ocean, including nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic, chlorophyll, and net primary production. Some discrepancies between model simulations and observations are identified and the possible causes are investigated. In the upper ocean, the simulated biases in biogeochemical fields are mainly associated with shortcomings in the simulated ocean circulation. Weak upwelling in the Indian Ocean suppresses the nutrient entrainment to the upper ocean, thus reducing biological activities and resulting in an underestimation of net primary production and the chlorophyll concentration. In the Pacific and the Southern Ocean, nutrients are overestimated as a result of strong iron limitation and excessive vertical mixing. Alkalinity is also overestimated in high-latitude oceans due to excessive convective mixing. The major discrepancy in biogeochemical fields is that the model overestimates nutrients, alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep North Pacific, which is caused by the excessive deep ocean remineralization. The model reasonably reproduces present-day oceanic CO2 uptake. Model-simulated cumulative oceanic CO2 uptake is 149 PgC between 1850 and 2016, which compares well with data-based estimates of 150±20 PgC. In the 1 % yr−1 CO2 increase (1ptCO2) experiment, the diagnosed carbon-climate (γ=-7.9 PgC K−1) and carbon-concentration sensitivity parameters (β=0.88 PgC ppm−1) in the NESM v3 are comparable with those in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models (β: 0.69 to 0.91 PgC ppm−1; γ: −2.4 to −12.1 PgC K−1). The nonlinear interaction between carbon-concentration and carbon-climate sensitivity in the NESM v3 accounts for 10.3 % of the total carbon uptake, which is within the range of CMIP5 model results (3.6 %–10.6 %). Overall, the NESM v3 can be employed as a useful modeling tool to investigate large-scale interactions between the ocean carbon cycle and climate change.

scholarly journals The ENEA-REG system (v1.0), a multi-component regional earth system model. Sensitivity to different atmospheric component over Med-CORDEX region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Anav ◽  
Adriana Carillo ◽  
Massimiliano Palma ◽  
Maria Vittoria Struglia ◽  
Ufuk Utku Turuncoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Cold Bias ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Atmospheric Component

Abstract. In this study, a new regional Earth system model is developed and applied to the Med-CORDEX region. The ENEA-REG system is made up of two interchangeable regional climate models as atmospheric components (RegCM and WRF), a river model (HD), and an ocean model (MITgcm); processes taking place at the land surface are represented within the atmospheric models with the possibility to use several land surface schemes of different complexity. The coupling between these components is performed through the RegESM driver. Here, we present and describe our regional Earth system model and evaluate its components using a multidecadal hindcast simulation over the period 1980–2013 driven by ERA-INTERIM reanalysis. We show how the atmospheric components are able to correctly reproduce both large-scale and local features of the Euro-Mediterranean climate, although some remarkable biases are relevant for some variables. In particular, WRF has a significant cold bias during winter over North-Eastern bound of the domain, while RegCM systematically overestimates the wind speed over the Mediterranean Sea. This latter bias has severe consequences on the ocean component: we show that when WRF is used as the atmospheric component of the Earth system, the performances of the ocean model are remarkably better compared with the RegCM version. Our regional Earth system model allows studying the Euro-Mediterranean climate system and can be applied to both hindcast and scenario simulations.

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