scholarly journals The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM): A multi-scale, multi-extent, variable-complexity hydrological model – Design and overview

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Marsh ◽  
John W. Pomeroy ◽  
Howard S. Wheater
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Model Design ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Spatially Distributed

Abstract. Despite debate in the rainfall-runoff hydrology literature about the merits of physics-based and spatially distributed models, substantial work in cold regions hydrology has shown improved predictive capacity by including physics-based process representations, relatively high-resolution semi- and fully-distributed discretizations, and use of physically identifiable parameters with limited calibration. While there is increasing motivation for modelling at hyper-resolution (

scholarly journals The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) v1.0: a multi-scale, multi-extent, variable-complexity hydrological model – design and overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Marsh ◽  
John W. Pomeroy ◽  
Howard S. Wheater
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Cold Region ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Multiple Process

Abstract. Despite debate in the rainfall–runoff hydrology literature about the merits of physics-based and spatially distributed models, substantial work in cold-region hydrology has shown improved predictive capacity by including physics-based process representations, relatively high-resolution semi-distributed and fully distributed discretizations, and the use of physically identifiable parameters that require limited calibration. While there is increasing motivation for modelling at hyper-resolution (< 1 km) and snowdrift-resolving scales (≈ 1 to 100 m), the capabilities of existing cold-region hydrological models are computationally limited at these scales. Here, a new distributed model, the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM), is presented. Although designed to be applied generally, it has a focus for application where cold-region processes play a role in hydrology. Key features include the ability to do the following: capture spatial heterogeneity in the surface discretization in an efficient manner via variable-resolution unstructured meshes; include multiple process representations; change, remove, and decouple hydrological process algorithms; work at both a point and spatially distributed scale; scale to multiple spatial extents and scales; and utilize a variety of forcing fields (boundary and initial conditions). This paper focuses on the overall model philosophy and design, and it provides a number of cold-region-specific features and examples.

scholarly journals Rapid changes in snow cover at low elevations in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kattelmann
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Precipitation Type ◽  
River Forecasting

Snow cover in the intermittent snow zone of the Sierra Nevada can occupy more than 10 000 km2 of the mountain range, but it has received relatively little attention in river forecasting. Snow is deposited at lower elevations only during the cold storms of winter, and remains there only for a few days or weeks. When cold storms have created a thin snow cover at low elevations, a subsequent warm storm can melt this snow in just a few hours and increase the runoff response dramatically. Operational hydrological models and river-forecasting procedures have tended to overlook contributions from the intermittent-snow zone, focusing instead on rainfall-runoff or melt from the snowpack zone at higher elevations. Data-collection efforts are minimal in this zone, too. Ideally, spatially distributed models of snowmelt and runoff generation are needed to account for the typically large differences in snow cover on different aspects in the intermittent snow zone. Although aircraft and satellite imagery would be most desirable to monitor the distribution of snow cover in the intermittent-snow zone, even a few climate stations that report precipitation type and snow presence would be a major improvement over the present situation in the Sierra Nevada.

scholarly journals Post-event analysis and flash flood hydrology in Slovakia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Hlavčová ◽  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Marco Borga ◽  
Oliver Horvát ◽  
Pavel Šťastný ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Distributed Hydrological Model ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Catchment Size ◽  
Flood Peaks

Abstract This work examines the main features of the flash flood regime in Central Europe as revealed by an analysis of flash floods that have occurred in Slovakia. The work is organized into the following two parts: The first part focuses on estimating the rainfall-runoff relationships for 3 major flash flood events, which were among the most severe events since 1998 and caused a loss of lives and a large amount of damage. The selected flash floods occurred on the 20th of July, 1998, in the Malá Svinka and Dubovický Creek basins; the 24th of July, 2001, at Štrbský Creek; and the 19th of June, 2004, at Turniansky Creek. The analysis aims to assess the flash flood peaks and rainfall-runoff properties by combining post-flood surveys and the application of hydrological and hydraulic post-event analyses. Next, a spatially-distributed hydrological model based on the availability of the raster information of the landscape’s topography, soil and vegetation properties, and rainfall data was used to simulate the runoff. The results from the application of the distributed hydrological model were used to analyse the consistency of the surveyed peak discharges with respect to the estimated rainfall properties and drainage basins. In the second part these data were combined with observations from flash flood events which were observed during the last 100 years and are focused on an analysis of the relationship between the flood peaks and the catchment area. The envelope curve was shown to exhibit a more pronounced decrease with the catchment size with respect to other flash flood relationships found in the Mediterranean region. The differences between the two relationships mainly reflect changes in the coverage of the storm sizes and hydrological characteristics between the two regions.

scholarly journals Rapid changes in snow cover at low elevations in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kattelmann
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Precipitation Type ◽  
River Forecasting

Snow cover in the intermittent snow zone of the Sierra Nevada can occupy more than 10 000 km2of the mountain range, but it has received relatively little attention in river forecasting. Snow is deposited at lower elevations only during the cold storms of winter, and remains there only for a few days or weeks. When cold storms have created a thin snow cover at low elevations, a subsequent warm storm can melt this snow in just a few hours and increase the runoff response dramatically. Operational hydrological models and river-forecasting procedures have tended to overlook contributions from the intermittent-snow zone, focusing instead on rainfall-runoff or melt from the snowpack zone at higher elevations. Data-collection efforts are minimal in this zone, too. Ideally, spatially distributed models of snowmelt and runoff generation are needed to account for the typically large differences in snow cover on different aspects in the intermittent snow zone. Although aircraft and satellite imagery would be most desirable to monitor the distribution of snow cover in the intermittent-snow zone, even a few climate stations that report precipitation type and snow presence would be a major improvement over the present situation in the Sierra Nevada.

Multi-criterial calibration of a global hydrological model for the Mississippi basin: Exploring the effect of the number of calibration units

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Andreas Güntner ◽  
Somayeh Shadkam ◽  
Petra Döll
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Large River ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Grace Satellites ◽  
The Given

&lt;p&gt;The predictive ability of a hydrological model depends among others on how well the model is calibrated by model parameter adjustment. When calibrating spatially distributed models such as global hydrological models in which river basins are represented by laterally connected grid cells of mostly 0.5&amp;#176; latitude by 0.5&amp;#176; longitude, it is not appropriate and possible to adjust the parameters of each grid cell individually. This is mainly due to the lack of high-resolution observations but also due to the required computational effort. It needs to be investigated which spatial extent of calibration units for which parameters are uniformly adjusted, is optimal given the available observations and the characteristics of the region or river basin. To explore the effect of size and number of calibration units, the WaterGAP Global Hydrological Model (WGHM) was calibrated for a large river basin in North America, the Mississippi basin, successively dividing the basin into smaller calibration units, i.e., sub-basins, in order to examine the feasibility and value of reducing the size of calibration units for the given set of observations. Total water storage anomalies from GRACE satellites, snow cover from MODIS and in-situ streamflow were used as observations in an ensemble-based multi-criterial Pareto Optimization Calibration (POC) framework using the Borg-MOEA optimization algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;

Use of high-resolution geographical databases for rainfall-runoff relation in urbanised areas

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Y. Zech ◽  
A. Escarmelle
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Satellite Imaging ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Regional Hydrology ◽  
Resolution Data

Distributed models are more and more used in regional hydrology. One of the main reasons is their essential compatibility with raster data in Geographical Information Systems. Also in urban hydraulics, distributed models are promising but their development depends on the availability of high-resolution data able to represent urban features. Public databases from satellite imaging are not yet adequate. The paper investigates the possibility of using other kinds of databases designed more specifically for cartography. The advantages and inconveniences of such an approach are pointed out, based on two actual examples.

High Resolution Measurements of Pollution Wash-Off from an Asphalt Surface

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Å. Spångberg ◽  
J. Niemczynowicz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Fine Time

The paper describes a measurement project aiming at delivering water quality data with the very fine time resolution necessary to discover deterministic elements of the complex process of pollution wash-off from an urban surface. Measurements of rainfall, runoff, turbidity, pH, conductivity and temperature with 10 sec time resolution were performed on a simple urban catchment, i.e. a single impermeable 270 m2 surface drained by one inlet. The paper presents data collection and some preliminary results.

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