scholarly journals Dynamics of hydrological and geomorphological processes in evaporite karst at the eastern Dead Sea – a multidisciplinary study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamil Al-Halbouni ◽  
Robert A. Watson ◽  
Eoghan P. Holohan ◽  
Rena Meyer ◽  
Ulrich Polom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Evaporite Karst ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Reflection Seismics ◽  
Geomorphological Changes

Abstract. Karst groundwater systems are characterised by the presence of multiple porosity types. Of these, subsurface conduits that facilitate concentrated, heterogeneous flow are challenging to resolve geologically and geophysically. This is especially the case in evaporite karst systems, such as those present on the shores of the Dead Sea, where rapid geomorphological changes are linked to a fall in base level by over 35 m since 1967. Here we combine field observations, remote sensing analysis, and multiple geophysical surveying methods (shear wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity tomography [ERT], self-potential [SP] and ground penetrating radar [GPR]) to investigate the nature of subsurface groundwater flow and its interaction with hypersaline Dead Sea water on the rapidly retreating eastern shoreline, near Ghor Al-Haditha in Jordan. Remote-sensing data highlight links between the evolution of surface stream channels fed by groundwater springs and the development of surface subsidence patterns over a 25-year period. ERT and SP data from the head of one groundwater-fed channel adjacent the former lakeshore show anomalies that point to concentrated, multidirectional water flow in conduits located in the shallow subsurface (

scholarly journals Dynamics of hydrological and geomorphological processes in evaporite karst at the eastern Dead Sea – a multidisciplinary study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 3351-3395
Author(s):  
Djamil Al-Halbouni ◽  
Robert A. Watson ◽  
Eoghan P. Holohan ◽  
Rena Meyer ◽  
Ulrich Polom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Evaporite Karst ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Geomorphological Processes ◽  
The Dead

Abstract. Karst groundwater systems are characterized by the presence of multiple porosity types. Of these, subsurface conduits that facilitate concentrated, heterogeneous flow are challenging to resolve geologically and geophysically. This is especially the case in evaporite karst systems, such as those present on the shores of the Dead Sea, where rapid geomorphological changes are linked to a fall in base level by over 35 m since 1967. Here we combine field observations, remote-sensing analysis, and multiple geophysical surveying methods (shear wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity tomography, ERT, self-potential, SP, and ground-penetrating radar, GPR) to investigate the nature of subsurface groundwater flow and its interaction with hypersaline Dead Sea water on the rapidly retreating eastern shoreline, near Ghor Al-Haditha in Jordan. Remote-sensing data highlight links between the evolution of surface stream channels fed by groundwater springs and the development of surface subsidence patterns over a 25-year period. ERT and SP data from the head of one groundwater-fed channel adjacent to the former lakeshore show anomalies that point to concentrated, multidirectional water flow in conduits located in the shallow subsurface (< 25 m depth). ERT surveys further inland show anomalies that are coincident with the axis of a major depression and that we interpret as representing subsurface water flow. Low-frequency GPR surveys reveal the limit between unsaturated and saturated zones (< 30 m depth) surrounding the main depression area. Shear wave seismic reflection data nearly 1 km further inland reveal buried paleochannels within alluvial fan deposits, which we interpret as pathways for groundwater flow from the main wadi in the area towards the springs feeding the surface streams. Finally, simulations of density-driven flow of hypersaline and undersaturated groundwaters in response to base-level fall perform realistically if they include the generation of karst conduits near the shoreline. The combined approaches lead to a refined conceptual model of the hydrological and geomorphological processes developed at this part of the Dead Sea, whereby matrix flow through the superficial aquifer inland transitions to conduit flow nearer the shore where evaporite deposits are encountered. These conduits play a key role in the development of springs, stream channels and subsidence across the study area.

scholarly journals Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1451-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Watson ◽  
Eoghan P. Holohan ◽  
Djamil Al-Halbouni ◽  
Leila Saberi ◽  
Ali Sawarieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Temporal Development ◽  
Evaporite Karst ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Karst Landscapes

Abstract. Enclosed topographic depressions are characteristic of karst landscapes on Earth. The developmental relationship between depression types, such as sinkholes (dolines) and uvalas, has been the subject of debate, mainly because the long developmental timescales in classical limestone karst settings impede direct observation. Here we characterize the morphometric properties and spatio-temporal development of ∼1150 sinkholes and five uvalas formed from ∼1980 to 2017 in an evaporite karst setting along the eastern coast of the hypersaline Dead Sea (at Ghor Al-Haditha, Jordan). The development of sinkhole populations and individual uvalas is intertwined in terms of onset, evolution and cessation. The sinkholes commonly develop in clusters, within which they may coalesce to form compound or nested sinkholes. In general, however, the uvalas are not defined by coalescence of sinkholes. Although each uvala usually encloses several clusters of sinkholes, it develops as a larger-scale, gentler and structurally distinct depression. The location of new sinkholes and uvalas shows a marked shoreline-parallel migration with time, followed by a marked shoreline-perpendicular (i.e. seaward) growth with time. These observations are consistent with theoretical predictions of karstification controlled by a laterally migrating interface between saturated and undersaturated groundwater, as induced by the 35 m fall in the Dead Sea water level since 1967. More generally, our observations indicate that uvalas and the sinkhole populations within them, although morphometrically distinct, can develop near-synchronously by subsidence in response to subsurface erosion.

scholarly journals Sinkholes, stream channels and base-level fall: a 50-year record of spatio-temporal development on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Watson ◽  
Eoghan P. Holohan ◽  
Djamil Al-Halbouni ◽  
Leila Saberi ◽  
Ali Sawarieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Shoreline Retreat ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Close Range ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Karst Systems

Abstract. The fall of hydrological base-level is long established as a driver of geomorphological change in both fluvial and karst systems, but few natural occurrences occur on timescales suitable for direct observation. Here we document the spatiotemporal development of fluvial and karstic landforms along the eastern coast of the hypersaline Dead Sea (at Ghor al-Haditha, Jordan) during a 50-year period of regional base-level decline from 1967 to 2017. Combining remote sensing data with close-range photogrammetric surveys, we show that the 35 m base-level fall has caused shoreline retreat of up to 2.5 km, and resulted in: (1) incision of new meandering or straight/braided stream channels and (2) formation of > 1100 sinkholes and several salt-karst uvalas. Both alluvial incision and karst-related subsidence represent significant hazards to local infrastructure. The development of groundwater-fed meandering stream channels is in places interlinked with that of the sinkholes and uvalas. Moreover, active areas of channel incision and sinkhole development both migrate seaward in time, broadly in tandem with shoreline retreat. Regarding theoretical effects of base-level fall, our observations show some deviations from those predicted for channel geometry, but are remarkably consistent with those for groundwater-related salt karstification. Our results present, for the first time in the Dead Sea region, the dual response of surface and subsurface hydrological systems to base level drop as indicated by fluvial and karst geomorphological analysis.

scholarly journals Remote radiological assessment in the marine environment: A pilot study based on Cs-137 measurements and satellite observations in the Aegean Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
G. Mavrokefalou ◽  
H. Florou ◽  
O. Sykioti
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
137Cs Activity ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Activity Concentrations

A program concept has been developed to utilize sea parameters like sea surface temperature (SST), ocean colour (OC) and sea surface salinity (SSS), in order to explore their potential relations with 137Cs activity concentrations in sea water. These relations are expected to lead to the creation of an innovative tool based on remote sensing data and in real time 137Cs measurements, for the remote radioactivity detection of the Greek marine ecosystem both for routine control and emergency recordings. The presented results are a preliminary effort of the tool’s development. Remote sensing data have been acquired from MIRAS and MODIS instruments on-board ESA-SMOS and NASA-TERRA/AQUA satellites respectively. Satellite data comprise of SST and OC measurements. The ERL’s data of 137Cs activity concentrations (204 measurements) in seawater have been used for the period March 2012 to February 2015. Therefore, a) map analyses in a GIS including interpolation and integration of 83 real time measurements corrected with the effective half live of 7.2 y according to the monthly data of satelites and spatial linear regression have been implemented for the Aegean Sea, b) additional temporal analyses using linear and polynomial regression have been performed for the area of Souda- Crete, for which the most frequent measurements of 137Cs activity concentration in sea water have been measured in ERL. In this study, the first derived results on the correlation between SST measurements with 137Cs activity concentrations are presented, whereas the respective correlation with OC is being under invstigation. Further investigations include multivariate polynomial analyses into the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform with more extensive sampling and satellite data from new systems, whereas comparative correlations of 137Cs with seawater parameters derived by conventional means will be performed.

scholarly journals DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI DI PESISIR DESA SURODADI KECAMATAN SAYUNG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT (Dynamics of Coastal Line Changes in the Surodadi Village of Sayung Sub District by Using Satellite Imagery)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-441
Author(s):  
Aulia Huda Riyanti ◽  
Agung Suryanto ◽  
Churun Ain
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Coastline Change

Garis pantai Desa Surodadi mengalami perubahan dari tahun ke tahun. Perubahan yang serius ini perlu untuk dilakukan pemantauan terus menerus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang perubahan garis pantai dan kaitannya dengan tutupan lahan di pesisir Desa Surodadi Kecamatan Sayung Kabupaten Demak pada tahun 2015 dan 2016. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juni 2017. Stasiun penelitian dibagi menjadi lima stasiun berdasarkan lokasi abrasi dan akresi yang telah terjadi. Dengan proses overlay kedua data citra satelit melalui sistem informasi geografis merupakan cara cepat untuk mengetahui perubahan garis pantai yang terjadi pada pesisir Desa Surodadi. Metode penelitian ini dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif studi kasus dengan menggunakan teknologi penginderaan jauh pada pengolahan data citra SPOT 6 tahun 2015 dan tahun 2016 yang diperoleh dari Pusat Teknologi dan Data Penginderaan Jauh LAPAN Jakarta serta dilakukan survei lapangan sehingga diperoleh laju perubahan garis pantai serta tutupan lahan yang terdapat pada lokasi penelitian. Garis pantai yang terjadi dari tahun 2015 sampai tahun 2016 lebih banyak mengalami proses abrasi jika dibandingkan proses akresi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui laju perubahan panjang garis pantai sebesar 103,58 m, perubahan garis pantai yang terjadi berupa abrasi sebesar 1,197 ha dan perubahan yang berupa akresi sebesar 0,490 ha. Keterkaitan antara perubahan garis pantai dengan tutupan lahan di Desa Surodadi adalah tutupan mangrove yang ada cukup luas dan relatif rapat sehingga dapat mencegah intrusi air laut yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan garis pantai. Surodadi village coastline changes from year to year. This serious change is necessary for ongoing monitoring. This research was conducted to obtain information about coastline change and its relation to land cover in coastal village of Surodadi Sub-District of Sayung Regency of Demak in 2015 until 2016. This research was conducted from May to June 2017. The research station is divided into five stations based on the location of abrasion and Accretion that has occurred. With the second overlay process satellite image data through geographic information system is a quick way to find out the shoreline changes that occur in the coastal village of Surodadi. This research method is done by using descriptive method of case study by using remote sensing technology on SPOT image data processing of 6 year 2015 and year 2016 which obtained from Center of Technology and Remote Sensing Data of LAPAN Jakarta and conducted field survey so that obtained rate of change of coastline happened also Land cover located at the research location. Coastlines that occur from 2015 to 2016 more experienced abrasion process when compared to the accretion process. Based on the research results can be seen the rate of change of coastline length of 103.58 m, shoreline changes that occur in the form of abrasion of 1.197 ha and changes in the form of accretion of 0.490 ha. The link between coastline change and land cover in Surodadi Village is that the mangrove cover is wide enough and relatively close so it can prevent the intrusion of sea water which can cause coastline changes.

scholarly journals Derivation of Spatially Distributed Thermal Comfort Levels in Jordan as Investigated From Remote Sensing, GIS Tools and Computational Methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ibrahim M. oroud
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Discrete Point ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Comfort Levels ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Elevation Data

Abstract Thermal comfort is usually calculated using discrete point measurements. This procedure is not suitable to study thermal comfort for inhabited areas with rugged terrains where climate gradient is high. The wide availability of remote sensing data and GIS tools have revolutionized data management, processing and visualization. The present paper implemented digital elevation data, GIS tools and a computational algorithm to generate spatially continuous maps of climatological elements which were employed to derive thermal comfort levels across Jordan. Results show detailed information of the spatial distribution of the degree of thermal comfort in winter and summer across the country which cannot be resolved using discrete point measurements. It is shown that the mountainous areas in the country, where most urban centers are situated, experience “slightly warm” to “warm” indoor apparent temperatures in summer. The Jordan Valley and the desert experience high indoor apparent temperatures in summer. Cold conditions prevail over most parts of the country, with the heating degree days ranging from 2100 in the southern mountains to values close to zero near the Dead Sea area. The presented procedure demonstrated that the very low levels of ambient vapor pressure is an important atmospheric forcing contributing to the widespread cold conditions prevailing over the desert areas in winter. The efficiency of direct evaporative cooling systems to achieve thermal comfort in the various parts of the country is investigated. The procedure presented can be used over regional scales with different levels of spatial resolutions for a wide range of climatological studies.

scholarly journals Temporal Geomorphological Changes in Nanak Sagar Reservoir (INDIA) Using Satellite Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-465
Author(s):  
Nandkishor A. Ingole ◽  
R. N Ram ◽  
A. S Nain ◽  
Prem Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Spread Area ◽  
Liss Iii ◽  
Dead Storage ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Geomorphological Changes

An attempt was made to assess the sedimentation in Nanak Sagar reservoir using multi-dated Remote Sensing (RS) images. IRS LISS III and Landsat-8 (OLI) remote sensing data were taken in the year 2007 and 2015, respectively. The original capacity curve (1962) was optimized for the study of the capacity loss to various water levels. Results showed that the morphology of the reservoir has been changed significantly due to sedimentation from 1962 to 2015. The reservoir has lost a total of 2934.64 hectares (ha) by dint of sedimentation which is accounted for 59.89 % of the total water spread area during last 53 years and average deposition was computed as 1.13% per year. From the year1962 to 2007 maximum siltation deposited in Full Storage Level (FRL) of the reservoir and from 2007 to 2015 in Dead Storage Level (DRL)in the period 2007 to 2015. It can be concluded that multi-dated remote sensing images can be used as a valuable tool for the study of temporal as well as spatial changes in any large water body.

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