scholarly journals From existing in situ, high-resolution measurement technologies to lab-on-a-chip – the future of water quality monitoring?

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 6457-6506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wade ◽  
E. J. Palmer-Felgate ◽  
S. J. Halliday ◽  
R. A. Skeffington ◽  
M. Loewenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. This paper introduces new insights into the hydrochemical functioning of lowland river-systems using field-based spectrophotometric and electrode technologies. The streamwater concentrations of nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions were measured at hourly intervals on a continuous basis at two contrasting sites on tributaries of the River Thames, one draining a rural catchment, the River Enborne, and one draining a more urban system, The Cut. The measurements complement those from an existing network of multi-parameter water quality sondes maintained across the Thames catchment and weekly monitoring based on grab samples. The results of the sub-daily monitoring show that streamwater phosphorus concentrations display highly complex, seemingly chaotic, dynamics under storm conditions dependent on the antecedent catchment wetness, and that diurnal phosphorus and nitrogen cycles occur under low flow conditions. The diurnal patterns highlight the dominance of sewage inputs in controlling the streamwater phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations at low flows, even at a distance of 7 km from the nearest sewage works in the rural, River Enborne, and that the time of sample collection is important when judging water quality against ecological thresholds or standards. An exhaustion of the supply of phosphorus from diffuse and septic tank sources during storm events was evident and load estimation was not improved by sub-daily monitoring beyond that achieved by daily sampling because of the eventual reduction in the phosphorus mass entering the stream during events. The dominance of respiration over photosynthesis in The Cut indicated a prevalence of heterotrophic algae, and the seasonal patterns in respiration and photosynthesis corresponded with those of temperature and light in this nutrient over-enriched stream. These results highlight the utility of sub-daily water quality measurements but the deployment of modified wet-chemistry technologies into the field was limited by mains electricity availability. A new approach is therefore needed to allow measurement of a wide range of analytes at a broader range of locations for the development of water quality web-sensor networks. The development and field deployment of a miniaturised "lab-on-a-chip" ion chromatograph is proposed and justified.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical processes in lowland rivers: insights from in situ, high-resolution monitoring

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 4323-4342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wade ◽  
E. J. Palmer-Felgate ◽  
S. J. Halliday ◽  
R. A. Skeffington ◽  
M. Loewenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Daily Monitoring

Abstract. This paper introduces new insights into the hydrochemical functioning of lowland river systems using field-based spectrophotometric and electrode technologies. The streamwater concentrations of nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions were measured at hourly intervals on a continuous basis at two contrasting sites on tributaries of the River Thames – one draining a rural catchment, the River Enborne, and one draining a more urban system, The Cut. The measurements complement those from an existing network of multi-parameter water quality sondes maintained across the Thames catchment and weekly monitoring based on grab samples. The results of the sub-daily monitoring show that streamwater phosphorus concentrations display highly complex dynamics under storm conditions dependent on the antecedent catchment wetness, and that diurnal phosphorus and nitrogen cycles occur under low flow conditions. The diurnal patterns highlight the dominance of sewage inputs in controlling the streamwater phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations at low flows, even at a distance of 7 km from the nearest sewage treatment works in the rural River Enborne. The time of sample collection is important when judging water quality against ecological thresholds or standards. An exhaustion of the supply of phosphorus from diffuse and multiple septic tank sources during storm events was evident and load estimation was not improved by sub-daily monitoring beyond that achieved by daily sampling because of the eventual reduction in the phosphorus mass entering the stream during events. The results highlight the utility of sub-daily water quality measurements and the discussion considers the practicalities and challenges of in situ, sub-daily monitoring.

Objectives of a Water Quality Monitoring Programme for the International River Basins in a Developing Country in Southern Africa – Mozambique

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-7) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
S J Hugman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
International Obligations

Mozambique lies on the south-east coast of Africa. Its Independence, in 1975, was particularly difficult and severely disrupted the economy. All its major rivers rise in neighbouring countries and several, in particular those from South Africa and Swaziland, are already heavily used before crossing the border. Since 1977 the National Water Directorate has been responsible for management and development of water resources. The Directorate includes a hydrology department which maintains field-teams throughout the country. Virtually no water quality data are available from before 1972, when irregular sample collection began. Since Independence, sampling has continued but the Directorate has redefined the objectives of the programme to obtain maximum benefit from very limited resources. These objectives were chosen for economic, hydrological and political reasons. The long-term objectives are to provide the data required for agricultural and industrial development projects, to manage and maintain the quality of Mozambique's water resources, and to meet international obligations. In practice, the capacity of the hydrological service is insufficient to meet these objectives. The targets for the existing programme were therefore chosen to satisfy the most important objectives and to be feasible with present resources. The routine programme is being completely operated by technicians who have no more than nine years schooling.

Statistical and Data Mining Techniques for Understanding Water Quality Profiles in a Mining-Affected River Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Simmonds ◽  
Juan A. Gómez ◽  
Agapito Ledezma
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Inverse Relation

This article contains a multivariate analysis (MV), data mining (DM) techniques and water quality index (WQI) metrics which were applied to a water quality dataset from three water quality monitoring stations in the Petaquilla River Basin, Panama, to understand the environmental stress on the river and to assess the feasibility for drinking. Principal Components and Factor Analysis (PCA/FA), indicated that the factors which changed the quality of the water for the two seasons differed. During the low flow season, water quality showed to be influenced by turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (TSS). For the high flow season, main changes on water quality were characterized by an inverse relation of NTU and TSS with electrical conductivity (EC) and chlorides (Cl), followed by sources of agricultural pollution. To complement the MV analysis, DM techniques like cluster analysis (CA) and classification (CLA) was applied and to assess the quality of the water for drinking, a WQI.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE VELIKAYA RIVER DELTA BASED ON HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPLANKTON

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Tatiana Drozdenko ◽  
Sergei Mikhalap ◽  
Larisa Nikolskaya ◽  
Anna Chernova
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Wide Range

The basis of the existence of freshwater ecosystems is phytoplankton, which produces most of the primary biological production, participates in repair processes and provides a wide range of ecosystem services. The short life cycle and high speed metabolism of microalgae make them ideal objects for ecological monitoring. The aim of the present study is to research the ecological state of the Velikaya river delta based on the species composition of phytoplankton community and some hydrochemical parameters. The sample collection for phytoplankton study and physicochemical measurements was carried out in summer 2016 at five stations representing different ecological locations of the Velikaya river delta. One hundred sixty five species taxa of microalgae belonging to 8 phylums were identified during the research: Bacillariophyta (37%), Chlorophyta (33.9%), Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria (9.7%), Chrysophyta (6.1%), Euglenophyta (6.1%), Cryptophyta (3%), Dinophyta (3%), Xanthophyta (1.2%). The values of Shannon index indicate the average complexity of the microalgae communities structure. Values of Margalef index characterize the Velikaya river delta as an area of high species richness. Compared to the previous studies, a significant increase in the level of information diversity is observed, indicating an increase in the number of possible flows of substance and energy in the ecosystem. Dynamics of biogen substances in the water shows a slight increase of their concentrations. Ecological and geographical analysis proves that absolute dominance of cosmopolitan freshwater forms is typical for the algoflora of the Velikaya river delta. In relation to the pH-reaction inhabitants of neutral and slightly alkaline water dominate. Pantle–Buck saprobity index is applied for water quality assessment, which shows beta-mesosaprobic water quality in the ecosystem. Thus, the water of the Velikaya river delta could be referred to the category of moderately polluted water (class II of water quality). This is confirmed by the data of hydrochemical analysis.

scholarly journals Using high-resolution phosphorus data to investigate mitigation measures in headwater river catchments

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Campbell ◽  
P. Jordan ◽  
J. Arnscheidt
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Insufficient Time ◽  
Management Advice

Abstract. This study reports the use of high-resolution water quality monitoring to assess the influence of changes in land use management on total phosphorus (TP) transfers in two 5 km2 agricultural sub-catchments. Specifically, the work investigates the issue of agricultural soil P management and subsequent diffuse transfers at high river flows over a 5-year timescale. The work also investigates the phenomenon of low flow P pollution from septic tank systems (STSs) and mitigation efforts – a key concern for catchment management. Results showed an inconsistent response to soil P management over 5 years with one catchment showing a convergence to optimum P concentrations and the other an overall increase. Both catchments indicated an overall increase in P concentration in defined high flow ranges. Low flow P concentration showed little change or higher P concentrations in defined low flow ranges despite replacement of defective systems and this is possibly due to a number of confounding reasons including increased housing densities due to new-builds. The work indicates fractured responses to catchment management advice and mitigation and that the short to medium term may be an insufficient time to expect the full implementation of policies (here defined as convergence to optimum soil P concentration and mitigation of STSs) and also to gauge their effectiveness.

Impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality: a review of literature, regulatory frameworks and an analysis of information gaps

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Gagnon ◽  
W. Krkosek ◽  
L. Anderson ◽  
E. McBean ◽  
M. Mohseni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Post Operation ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Current Governance

A review of available literature and current governance approaches related to the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality (including drinking water) was developed. The paper identifies gaps in literature and (or) current governance approaches that should be addressed to guide decision-makers in the development of appropriate regulatory regimes that will enable assessment of the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality. The lack of credible and comprehensive data are shown to have been a major setback to properly investigate and monitor hydraulic fracturing activities and their potential risks on the environment and water quality. A review of current governance approaches demonstrates that some jurisdictions have implemented baseline and post-operation water quality monitoring requirements; however, there are large variations in site-specific monitoring requirements across Canada and the United States. In light of recent information, a targeted approach is suggested based on risk priorities, which can prioritize sample collection and frequency, target contaminants, and the needed duration of the sampling. The steps outlined in this review help to interface with the public concerns associated with water quality, and appropriately ensure that public health is protected through appropriate water safety planning.

scholarly journals The influence of artificial cutoff on a monitoring system and the water quality of the Keelung River

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Lo ◽  
J.T. Kuo ◽  
S.M. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Quality Model ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring Network ◽  
State Water

The purpose of this study was to design a water quality monitoring network for the Keelung River in order to evaluate the effects of artificial cutoff across two bend channels. A steady-state water quality model was used to simulate the BOD and DO curves. The Kriging theory was applied to select the optimal locations for a water quality monitoring network. The sampling frequency was determined by the coefficients of variation of water quality and by considering the significance level and confidence interval. After calibration and verification of the water quality model, the model was applied and the simulation results indicated that the values of DO in the new channel would be higher than those of the old channel reaches. The critical point of the oxygen sag curve would shift to the mouth of river under Q75 low-flow conditions, and the BOD values in the new channel would also slightly increase. The results further indicated that more monitoring stations would be needed in the downstream reaches.

Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Water Quality Monitoring

2020 ◽  
pp. 455-469
Author(s):  
Ashish Kapoor ◽  
Sivasamy Balasubramanian ◽  
Ponnuchamy Muthamilselvi ◽  
Vijay Vaishampayan ◽  
Sivaraman Prabhakar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring

An Integrated Web Portal for Water Quality Monitoring through Wireless Sensor Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lule Ahmedi ◽  
Besmir Sejdiu ◽  
Eliot Bytyçi ◽  
Figene Ahmedi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Stream Data ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Wide Range

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are aiding water quality monitoring with support for real-time and remote quality measurements in terrain. Environmental monitoring portals receiving data from sensors have been a practice since a while among researchers. However, the Web portal introduced here is essentially an integrated portal since it supports modeling and management of both, the observational stream data on water quality coming from wireless sensors – dynamic data, as well as of the data describing the WSN itself, its devices and the corresponding site allocation data – static data. Access is given to a wide range of individuals, from water experts to WSN engineers, to general public. Experts' module infers statistics about water parameters given the experts' data and rules. The portal is further distinguished for its level of scalability: it allows adding with ease new components, like add certain new regulatory documents for water quality, and directly compare data measured by sensors with corresponding quality standards. The aim is to enrich the portal with semantics in future.

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