scholarly journals IMPROVED TOPOGRAPHIC MODELS VIA CONCURRENT AIRBORNE LIDAR AND DENSE IMAGE MATCHING

2017 ◽  
Vol IV-2/W4 ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mandlburger ◽  
K. Wenzel ◽  
A. Spitzer ◽  
N. Haala ◽  
P. Glira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Image Matching ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Dense Image ◽  
Surface Models

Modern airborne sensors integrate laser scanners and digital cameras for capturing topographic data at high spatial resolution. The capability of penetrating vegetation through small openings in the foliage and the high ranging precision in the cm range have made airborne LiDAR the prime terrain acquisition technique. In the recent years dense image matching evolved rapidly and outperforms laser scanning meanwhile in terms of the achievable spatial resolution of the derived surface models. In our contribution we analyze the inherent properties and review the typical processing chains of both acquisition techniques. In addition, we present potential synergies of jointly processing image and laser data with emphasis on sensor orientation and point cloud fusion for digital surface model derivation. Test data were concurrently acquired with the <i>RIEGL</i> LMS-Q1560 sensor over the city of Melk, Austria, in January 2016 and served as basis for testing innovative processing strategies. We demonstrate that (i) systematic effects in the resulting scanned and matched 3D point clouds can be minimized based on a hybrid orientation procedure, (ii) systematic differences of the individual point clouds are observable at penetrable, vegetated surfaces due to the different measurement principles, and (iii) improved digital surface models can be derived combining the higher density of the matching point cloud and the higher reliability of LiDAR point clouds, especially in the narrow alleys and courtyards of the study site, a medieval city.

scholarly journals Can 3D Point Clouds Replace GCPs?

2014 ◽  
Vol II-5 ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stavropoulou ◽  
G. Tzovla ◽  
A. Georgopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Control Points ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Surface Models

Over the past decade, large-scale photogrammetric products have been extensively used for the geometric documentation of cultural heritage monuments, as they combine metric information with the qualities of an image document. Additionally, the rising technology of terrestrial laser scanning has enabled the easier and faster production of accurate digital surface models (DSM), which have in turn contributed to the documentation of heavily textured monuments. However, due to the required accuracy of control points, the photogrammetric methods are always applied in combination with surveying measurements and hence are dependent on them. Along this line of thought, this paper explores the possibility of limiting the surveying measurements and the field work necessary for the production of large-scale photogrammetric products and proposes an alternative method on the basis of which the necessary control points instead of being measured with surveying procedures are chosen from a dense and accurate point cloud. Using this point cloud also as a surface model, the only field work necessary is the scanning of the object and image acquisition, which need not be subject to strict planning. To evaluate the proposed method an algorithm and the complementary interface were produced that allow the parallel manipulation of 3D point clouds and images and through which single image procedures take place. The paper concludes by presenting the results of a case study in the ancient temple of Hephaestus in Athens and by providing a set of guidelines for implementing effectively the method.

scholarly journals Urban Feature Extraction from Merged Airborne LiDAR Data and Digital Camera Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-74
Author(s):  
Lamyaa Gamal EL-Deen Taha ◽  
A. I. Ramzi ◽  
A. Syarawi ◽  
A. Bekheet
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Digital Surface Model ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Elevation Model

Until recently, the most highly accurate digital surface models were obtained from airborne lidar. With the development of a new generation of large format digital photogrammetric aerial camera, a fully digital photogrammetric workflow became possible. Digital airborne images are sources for elevation extraction and orthophoto generation. This research concerned with the generation of digital surface models and orthophotos as applications from high-resolution images.  In this research, the following steps were performed. A Benchmark data of LIDAR and digital aerial camera have been used.  Firstly, image orientation, AT have been performed. Then the automatic digital surface model DSM generation has been produced from the digital aerial camera. Thirdly true digital ortho has been generated from the digital aerial camera also orthoimage will be generated using LIDAR digital elevation model (DSM). Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) module of Erdsa Imagine 2014 software was utilized for processing. Then the resulted orthoimages from both techniques were mosaicked. The results show that automatic digital surface model DSM that been produced from digital aerial camera method has very high dense photogrammetric 3D point clouds compared to the LIDAR 3D point clouds. It was found that the true orthoimage produced from the second approach is better than the true orthoimage produced from the first approach. The five approaches were tested for classification of the best-orthorectified image mosaic using subpixel based (neural network) and pixel-based ( minimum distance and maximum likelihood).Multicues were extracted such as texture(entropy-mean),Digital elevation model, Digital surface model ,normalized digital surface model (nDSM) and intensity image. The contributions of the individual cues used in the classification have been evaluated. It was found that the best cue integration is intensity (pan) +nDSM+ entropy followed by intensity (pan) +nDSM+mean then intensity image +mean+ entropy after that DSM )image and two texture measures (mean and entropy) followed by the colour image. The integration with height data increases the accuracy. Also, it was found that the integration with entropy texture increases the accuracy. Resulted in fifteen cases of classification it was found that maximum likelihood classifier is the best followed by minimum distance then neural network classifier. We attribute this to the fine resolution of the digital camera image. Subpixel classifier (neural network) is not suitable for classifying aerial digital camera images. 

scholarly journals Building Change Detection of Airborne Laser Scanning and Dense Image Matching Point Clouds using Height and Class Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Florian Politz ◽  
Monika Sester ◽  
Claus Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Image Matching ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
Dense Image

Abstract. Detecting changes is an important task to update databases and find irregularities in spatial data. Every couple of years, national mapping agencies (NMAs) acquire nation-wide point cloud data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) as well as from Dense Image Matching (DIM) using aerial images. Besides deriving several other products such as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from them, those point clouds also offer the chance to detect changes between two points in time on a large scale. Buildings are an important object class in the context of change detection to update cadastre data. As detecting changes manually is very time consuming, the aim of this study is to provide reliable change detections for different building sizes in order to support NMAs in their task to update their databases. As datasets of different times may have varying point densities due to technological advancements or different sensors, we propose a raster-based approach, which is independent of the point density altogether. Within a raster cell, our approach considers the height distribution of all points for two points in time by exploiting the Jensen-Shannon distance to measure their similarity. Our proposed method outperforms simple threshold methods on detecting building changes with respect to the same or different point cloud types. In combination with our proposed class change detection approach, we achieve a change detection performance measured by the mean F1-Score of about 71% between two ALS and about 60% between ALS and DIM point clouds acquired at different times.

scholarly journals Special Issue on “Terrestrial Laser Scanning”: Editors’ Notes

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4569
Author(s):  
Joan R. Rosell-Polo ◽  
Eduard Gregorio ◽  
Jordi Llorens
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Point Cloud Processing

In this editorial, we provide an overview of the content of the special issue on “Terrestrial Laser Scanning”. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together innovative developments and applications of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), understood in a broad sense. Thus, although most contributions mainly involve the use of laser-based systems, other alternative technologies that also allow for obtaining 3D point clouds for the measurement and the 3D characterization of terrestrial targets, such as photogrammetry, are also considered. The 15 published contributions are mainly focused on the applications of TLS to the following three topics: TLS performance and point cloud processing, applications to civil engineering, and applications to plant characterization.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Structural Surface Model of Heritage Bridges Using UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Pan ◽  
Yiqing Dong ◽  
Dalei Wang ◽  
Airong Chen ◽  
Zhen Ye
Keyword(s):  
Classification Tree ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Structural Surface ◽  
Better Than

Three-dimensional (3D) digital technology is essential to the maintenance and monitoring of cultural heritage sites. In the field of bridge engineering, 3D models generated from point clouds of existing bridges is drawing increasing attention. Currently, the widespread use of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) provides a practical solution for generating 3D point clouds as well as models, which can drastically reduce the manual effort and cost involved. In this study, we present a semi-automated framework for generating structural surface models of heritage bridges. To be specific, we propose to tackle this challenge via a novel top-down method for segmenting main bridge components, combined with rule-based classification, to produce labeled 3D models from UAV photogrammetric point clouds. The point clouds of the heritage bridge are generated from the captured UAV images through the structure-from-motion workflow. A segmentation method is developed based on the supervoxel structure and global graph optimization, which can effectively separate bridge components based on geometric features. Then, recognition by the use of a classification tree and bridge geometry is utilized to recognize different structural elements from the obtained segments. Finally, surface modeling is conducted to generate surface models of the recognized elements. Experiments using two bridges in China demonstrate the potential of the presented structural model reconstruction method using UAV photogrammetry and point cloud processing in 3D digital documentation of heritage bridges. By using given markers, the reconstruction error of point clouds can be as small as 0.4%. Moreover, the precision and recall of segmentation results using testing date are better than 0.8, and a recognition accuracy better than 0.8 is achieved.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF FULL WAVEFORM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING DATA FOR URBAN AREA CLASSIFICATION – TRANSFER OF CLASSIFICATION APPROACHES BETWEEN MISSIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 1317-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tran ◽  
D. Nguyen ◽  
M. Milenkovic ◽  
N. Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Full Waveform ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
Point Density ◽  
Area Classification

Full-waveform (FWF) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) systems have their advantage in recording the entire backscattered signal of each emitted laser pulse compared to conventional airborne discrete-return laser scanner systems. The FWF systems can provide point clouds which contain extra attributes like amplitude and echo width, etc. In this study, a FWF data collected in 2010 for Eisenstadt, a city in the eastern part of Austria was used to classify four main classes: buildings, trees, waterbody and ground by employing a decision tree. Point density, echo ratio, echo width, normalised digital surface model and point cloud roughness are the main inputs for classification. The accuracy of the final results, correctness and completeness measures, were assessed by comparison of the classified output to a knowledge-based labelling of the points. Completeness and correctness between 90% and 97% was reached, depending on the class. While such results and methods were presented before, we are investigating additionally the transferability of the classification method (features, thresholds …) to another urban FWF lidar point cloud. Our conclusions are that from the features used, only echo width requires new thresholds. A data-driven adaptation of thresholds is suggested.

scholarly journals MULTI-SENSOR 3D RECORDING PIPELINE FOR THE DOCUMENTATION OF JAVANESE TEMPLES

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 829-834
Author(s):  
A. Murtiyos ◽  
P. Grussenmeyer ◽  
D. Suwardhi ◽  
W. A. Fadilah ◽  
H. A. Permana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Point Cloud Model ◽  
Geometric Quality ◽  
Different Characteristics

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> 3D recording is an important procedure in the conservation of heritage sites. This past decade, a myriad of 3D sensors has appeared in the market with different advantages and disadvantages. Most notably, the laser scanning and photogrammetry methods have become some of the most used techniques in 3D recording. The integration of these different sensors is an interesting topic, one which will be discussed in this paper. Integration is an activity to combine two or more data with different characteristics to produce a 3D model with the best results. The discussion in this study includes the process of acquisition, processing, and analysis of the geometric quality from the results of the 3D recording process; starting with the acquisition method, registration and georeferencing process, up to the integration of laser scanning and photogrammetry 3D point clouds. The final result of the integration of the two point clouds is the 3D point cloud model that has become a single entity. Some detailed parts of the object of interest draw both geometric and textural information from photogrammetry, while laser scanning provided a point cloud depicting the overall overview of the building. The object used as our case study is Sari Temple, located in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.</p>

scholarly journals QUALITY ASPECTS OF TRUE ORTHOPHOTO IN URBAN AREAS

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B5-2020 ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
W. Ostrowski ◽  
V. D. Gulli ◽  
K. Bakula ◽  
Z. Kurczyński
Keyword(s):  
Image Matching ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Dense Image ◽  
Quality Aspects ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
2D Data

Abstract. Orthophotos are one of the most popular photogrammetric products and have been a leading source of up-to-date 2D data of urban areas for years. In the last few years, together with innovations in the area of Dense Image Matching, Digital Surface Models created with dense image matching start to be utilized as the height source during orthorectification. Recently this production workflow of true orthophotos were adopted to production standard in many countries. The aim of the presented research was to evaluate recent developments in the area of automatic true orthophoto generation for urban areas and to define factors which have the main influence on the quality of the final product. Obtained results showed that besides of the image overlap, the main factors which have direct influence on the resulted true orthophoto are the occurrence of shadows and vegetation (trees). One of the outcomes of the presented research was that the quantitative methods develop for quality evaluation of Digital Surface Models and Point Clouds are not directly transferable on the quality evaluation of true orthophotos.

scholarly journals AUTOMATIC INTEGRATION OF LASER SCANNING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC POINT CLOUDS: FROM ACQUISITION TO CO-REGISTRATION

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B1-2021 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
T. Partovi ◽  
M. Dähne ◽  
M. Maboudi ◽  
D. Krueger ◽  
M. Gerke
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Data Capturing

Abstract. Laser scanning systems have been developed to capture very high-resolution 3D point clouds and consequently acquire the object geometry. This object measuring technique has a high capacity for being utilized in a wide variety of applications such as indoor and outdoor modelling. The Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is used as an important data capturing measurement system to provide high quality point cloud from industrial or built-up environments. However, the static nature of the TLS and complexity of the industrial sites necessitate employing a complementary data capturing system e.g. cameras to fill the gaps in the TLS point cloud caused by occlusions which is very common in complex industrial areas. Moreover, employing images provide better radiometric and edge information. This motivated a joint project to develop a system for automatic and robust co-registration of TLS data and images directly, especially for complex objects. In this paper, the proposed methods for various components of this project including gap detection from point cloud, calculation of initial image capturing configuration, user interface and support system for the image capturing procedures, and co-registration between TLS point cloud and photogrammetric point cloud are presented. The primarily results on a complex industrial environment are promising.

scholarly journals IMAGE TO POINT CLOUD TRANSLATION USING CONDITIONAL GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK FOR AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA

2021 ◽  
Vol V-2-2021 ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
T. Shinohara ◽  
H. Xiu ◽  
M. Matsuoka
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Real Point ◽  
3D Point Cloud ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Latent Features

Abstract. This study introduces a novel image to a 3D point-cloud translation method with a conditional generative adversarial network that creates a large-scale 3D point cloud. This can generate supervised point clouds observed via airborne LiDAR from aerial images. The network is composed of an encoder to produce latent features of input images, generator to translate latent features to fake point clouds, and discriminator to classify false or real point clouds. The encoder is a pre-trained ResNet; to overcome the difficulty of generating 3D point clouds in an outdoor scene, we use a FoldingNet with features from ResNet. After a fixed number of iterations, our generator can produce fake point clouds that correspond to the input image. Experimental results show that our network can learn and generate certain point clouds using the data from the 2018 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest.

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