scholarly journals AUTOMATIC GEOREFERNCING OF CLOSE-RANGE FAÇADE IMAGES ACQUIRED IN AN NARROW AND LONG ALLEYWAY USING RTK DRONE IMAGES

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2020 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
K. Park ◽  
S. Ham ◽  
I. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structure From Motion ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Conjugate Points ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Reference Images ◽  
Close Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City

Abstract. The city of Seoul has selected Sewoon market building and its surrounding district as part of the urban regeneration zone, and currently has been promoting the project. To monitor results of the project regularly, the city has been trying to utilize a 3 dimension model of the area. In the case of buildings placed in narrow alleyways in the district, however, it is limited to generate 3D model of the buildings due to some factors. Therefore, in this study, a 3D model of façade of the building was created, using a RTK drone and action camera only. First method is to estimate of location of conjugate points using Structure from Motion, after setting conjugate points between images of the drone. Second method is to georeference action camera images by setting drone images as the reference images itself without the process of estimating location of the conjugate points. As a result of preliminary experiments to verify the two methods, the error of each method did not exceed a maximum of 0.030 m. Based on the result, we created 3D models of façade of the building in the alleyway, which is located at the intersection of Donhwamoon-ro 2 gil and Jong-ro 24 gil, and calculated absolute distance between the models. And the comparison showed that the difference was about 0.010 m on average.

scholarly journals Fotogrametría SFM aplicada a la determinación taxonómica de restos arqueofaunísticos

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Gabriela Lorenzo ◽  
Luciano Lopez ◽  
Reinaldo A. Moralejo ◽  
Luis M. Del Papa
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Systematic Determination

<p>Photogrammetry has recently been incorporated into archaeological research, replacing much more expensive techniques while still generating high resolution results. This technique converts two dimensional (2D) images into three-dimensional (3D) models, allowing for the complex analysis of geometric and spatial information. It has become one of the most used methods for the 3D recording of cultural heritage objects. Among its possible archaeological uses are: digitally documenting an archaeological dig at low cost, aiding the decision-making process (Dellepiane et al., 2013); spatial surveying of archaeological sites; 3D model generation of archaeological objects and digitisation of archaeological collections (Adami et al., 2018; Aparicio Resco et al., 2014; Cots et al., 2018; Iturbe et al., 2018; Moyano, 2017).</p><p>The objective of this paper is to show the applicability of 3D models based on SfM (Structure from Motion) photogrammetry for archaeofauna analyses. We created 3D models of four camelid (Lama glama) bone elements (skull, radius-ulna, metatarsus and proximal phalange), aiming to demonstrate the advantages of 3D models over 2D osteological guides, which are usually used to perform anatomical and systematic determination of specimens.</p><p>Photographs were taken with a 16 Megapixel Nikon D5100 DSLR camera mounted on a tripod, with the distance to the object ranging between 1 and 3 m and using a 50mm fixed lens. Each bone element was placed on a 1 m tall stool, with a green, high contrast background. Photographs were shot at regular intervals of 10-15º, moving in a circle. Sets of around 30 pictures were taken from three circumferences at vertical angles of 0º, 45º and 60º. In addition, some detailed and overhead shots were taken from the dorsal and ventral sides of each bone element. Each set of dorsal and ventral photos was imported to Agisoft Photoscan Professional. A workflow (Fig. 4) of alignment, tie point matching, high resolution 3D dense point cloud construction, and creation of a triangular mesh covered with a photographic texture was performed. Finally the dorsal and ventral models were aligned and merged and the 3D model was accurately scaled. In order to determine accuracy of the models, linear measurements were performed and compared to a digital gauge measurement of the physical bones, obtaining a difference of less than 0.5 mm.</p><p>Furthermore, five archaeological specimens were selected to compare our 3D models with the most commonly used 2D camelid atlas (Pacheco Torres et al., 1986; Sierpe, 2015). In the particular case of archaeofaunal analyses, where anatomical and systematic determination of the specimens is the key, digital photogrammetry has proven to be more effective than traditional 2D documentation methods. This is due to the fact that 2D osteological guides based on drawings or pictures lack the necessary viewing angles to perform an adequate and complete diagnosis of the specimens. Using new technology can deliver better results, producing more comprehensive information of the bone element, with great detail and geometrical precision and not limited to pictures or drawings at particular angles. In this paper we can see how 3D modelling with SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion-Multi View Stereo) allows the observation of an element from multiple angles. The possibility of zooming and rotating the models (Figs. 6g, 6h, 7d, 8c) improves the determination of the archaeological specimens.</p><p>Information on how the 3D model was produced is essential. A metadata file must include data on each bone element (anatomical and taxonomic) plus information on photographic quantity and quality. This file must also contain the software used to produce the model and the parameters and resolution of each step of the workflow (number of 3D points, mesh vertices, texture resolution and quantification of the error of the model). In short, 3D models are excellent tools for osteological guides.</p>

scholarly journals Applicability Assessments of Close-Range Photogrammetry for Slope Face 3D Modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Haqul Baramsyah ◽  
Less Rich
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Photogrammetry ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Close Range

The digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras have been widely accepted to use in slope face photogrammetry rather than the expensive metric camera used for aerial photogrammetry. 3D models generated from digital photogrammetry can approach those generated from terrestrial laser scanning in term of scale and level of detail. It is cost effective and has equipment portability. This paper presents and discusses the applicability of close-range digital photogrammetry to produce 3D models of rock slope faces. Five experiments of image capturing method were conducted to capture the photographs as the input data for processing. As a consideration, the appropriate baseline lengths to capture the slope face to get better result are around 1/6 to 1/8 of target distance.  A fine quality of 3D model from data processing is obtained using strip method and convergent method with 80% overlapping in each photograph. A random camera positions with different distances from the slope face can also generate a good 3D model, however the entire target should be captured in each photograph. The accuracy of the models is generated by comparing the 3D models produced from photogrammetry with the 3D data obtained from laser scanner. The accuracy of 3D models is quite satisfactory with the mean error range from 0.008 to 0.018 m.

scholarly journals 3D MODELS OF THE QH31, QH32 AND QH33 TOMBS IN QUBBET EL HAWA (ASWAN, EGYPT)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2020 ◽  
pp. 1427-1434
Author(s):  
A. T. Mozas-Calvache ◽  
J. L. Pérez-García ◽  
J. M. Gómez-López ◽  
J. L. Martínez de Dios ◽  
A. Jiménez-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Spatial Behaviour ◽  
Reduced Dimensions ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Close Range ◽  
3D Documentation

Abstract. This paper describes the methodology employed to obtain 3D models of three funerary complexes (QH31, QH32 and QH33) of the Necropolis of Qubbet el Hawa (Aswan, Egypt) and the main results obtained. These rock-cut tombs are adjacent structures defined by complex geometries such as chambers, corridors and vertical shafts. The main goal of this study was to discover the spatial relationships between them and obtain a complete 3D model. In addition, some models with realistic textures of the burial chambers were demanded in order to analyse archaeological, architectural and geological aspects. The methodology was based on the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Close Range Photogrammetry. In general, both techniques were developed in parallel for each tomb. Some elements presented difficulties because of their reduced dimensions, the presence of vertical falls, some objects stored in the tombs that generated occlusions of some walls, coincidence of other workers, poor illumination conditions, etc. The results included three complete 3D models obtained without texture and some parts of interest obtained with real textures. All models were merged into a global 3D model. The information extracted from this product has helped architects and archaeologists to contrast their premises about the spatial behaviour of the tombs. The results have also allowed the obtaining of the first 3D documentation of these tombs under the same reference system, allowing them to be studied completely. This information is very important for documentation purposes but also to understand the spatial behaviour of these structures and the excavation processes developed by ancient Egyptians 4000 years ago.

scholarly journals UNCERTAINTY VISUALIZATION APPROACHES FOR 3D MODELS OF CASTLES RESTITUTED FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W9 ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Landes ◽  
M. Heissler ◽  
M. Koehl ◽  
T. Benazzi ◽  
T. Nivola
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Uncertainty Visualization ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Geometric Point ◽  
The City

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the cultural heritage field, several specialists like archaeologists, architects, geomaticians, historians, etc. are used to work together. With the upcoming technologies allowing to capture efficiently data in the field, to digitize historical documents, to collect worldwide information related to the monuments under study, the wish to summarize all the sources of data (including the knowledge of the specialists) into one 3D model is a big challenge. In order to guarantee the reliability of the proposed reconstructed 3D model, it is of crucial importance to integrate the level of uncertainty assigned to it. From a geometric point of view, uncertainty is often defined, quantified and expressed with the help of statistical measures. However, for objects reconstructed based on archaeological assumptions, statistical measures are not appropriate. This paper focuses on the decomposition of 3D models into levels of uncertainties (LoUs) and on the best way to visualize them through two case studies: the castle of Kagenfels and the Horbourg-Wihr Castellum, both located in Alsace, France. The first one is well documented through still ongoing excavations around its remains, whereas the second one disappeared under the urbanization of the city. An approach enabling, on the 3D models, not only to quantify but also to visualize uncertainties coming from archaeological assumptions is addressed. Finally, the efficiency of the approach for qualifying the proposed 3D model of the reconstructed castle regarding its reliability is demonstrated.</p>

scholarly journals Accuracy analysis of 3D model obtained by photogrammetric method on the example of historic room from Wisłoujście Fortress

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 00013
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Widerski ◽  
Karol Daliga
Keyword(s):  
Test Object ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Accuracy Analysis ◽  
Total Station ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Photogrammetric Method

The article presents a comparison of obtained models of a test object. Close range photogrammetry was used to obtain 3D models. As test object was used one of the rooms located in Wisłoujście Fortress in Gdańsk, Poland. Different models were obtained by using different distribution and number of reference points. Article contains analysis of differences between coordinates of control points obtained from total station measurements and estimated from different 3D models.

scholarly journals 3D DIGITIZATION OF AN HERITAGE MASTERPIECE - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON QUALITY ASSESSMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Menna ◽  
E. Nocerino ◽  
F. Remondino ◽  
M. Dellepiane ◽  
M. Callieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Short Time ◽  
3D Digitization ◽  
Very High

Despite being perceived as interchangeable when properly applied, close-range photogrammetry and range imaging have both their pros and limitations that can be overcome using suitable procedures. Even if the two techniques have been frequently cross-compared, critical analysis discussing all sub-phases of a complex digitization project are quite rare. Comparisons taking into account the digitization of a cultural masterpiece, such as the Etruscan Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Figure 1) discussed in this paper, are even less common. The final 3D model of the Sarcophagus shows impressive spatial and texture resolution, in the order of tenths of millimetre for both digitization techniques, making it a large 3D digital model even though the physical size of the artwork is quite limited. The paper presents the survey of the Sarcophagus, a late 6th century BC Etruscan anthropoid Sarcophagus. Photogrammetry and laser scanning were used for its 3D digitization in two different times only few days apart from each other. The very short time available for the digitization was a crucial constraint for the surveying operations (due to constraints imposed us by the museum curators). Despite very high-resolution and detailed 3D models have been produced, a metric comparison between the two models shows intrinsic limitations of each technique that should be overcome through suitable onsite metric verification procedures as well as a proper processing workflow.

scholarly journals 3D DIGITIZATION OF AN HERITAGE MASTERPIECE - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON QUALITY ASSESSMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Menna ◽  
E. Nocerino ◽  
F. Remondino ◽  
M. Dellepiane ◽  
M. Callieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Short Time ◽  
3D Digitization ◽  
Very High

Despite being perceived as interchangeable when properly applied, close-range photogrammetry and range imaging have both their pros and limitations that can be overcome using suitable procedures. Even if the two techniques have been frequently cross-compared, critical analysis discussing all sub-phases of a complex digitization project are quite rare. Comparisons taking into account the digitization of a cultural masterpiece, such as the Etruscan Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Figure 1) discussed in this paper, are even less common. The final 3D model of the Sarcophagus shows impressive spatial and texture resolution, in the order of tenths of millimetre for both digitization techniques, making it a large 3D digital model even though the physical size of the artwork is quite limited. The paper presents the survey of the Sarcophagus, a late 6th century BC Etruscan anthropoid Sarcophagus. Photogrammetry and laser scanning were used for its 3D digitization in two different times only few days apart from each other. The very short time available for the digitization was a crucial constraint for the surveying operations (due to constraints imposed us by the museum curators). Despite very high-resolution and detailed 3D models have been produced, a metric comparison between the two models shows intrinsic limitations of each technique that should be overcome through suitable onsite metric verification procedures as well as a proper processing workflow.

An Improved Method of Refining Relative Orientation in Global Structure from Motion with a Focus on Repetitive Structure and Very Short Baselines

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-315
Author(s):  
X. Wang ◽  
C. Heipke
Keyword(s):  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Global Structure ◽  
Conjugate Points ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Computational Speed ◽  
Repetitive Structure ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Short Baselines ◽  
Image Pairs

Recently, global structure from motion has successfully gained many followers, mainly because of its computational speed. Most of these global methods take the parameters of relative orientation (ROs ) as input and then perform averaging operations. Therefore, eliminating incorrect ROs is of great significance for improving the robustness of global structure from motion. In this article, we propose a method to eliminate wrong ROs which have resulted from repetitive structure and very short baselines. We present two corresponding criteria that indicate the quality of ROs. Repetitive structure is detected based on counts of conjugate points of the various image pairs, while very short baselines are found by inspecting the intersection angles of corresponding image rays. By analyzing these two criteria, we detect and eliminate incorrect ROs. As correct ROs of image pairs with a longer baseline nearly parallel to both viewing directions can be valuable, a method to identify and keep these ROs is also part of our approach. We demonstrate the new method on various data sets, including public benchmarks as well as close-range images and images from unmanned aerial vehicles, by inserting our refined ROs into a global structure-from-motion pipeline. The experiments show that compared to other methods, we can generate the best results.

An attempt of SfM photogrammetry to narrow and dark underground building heritage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Oguchi ◽  
Kisara Shimizu ◽  
Yasuhiko Tamura ◽  
Yuichi Hayakawa ◽  
Takuro Ogura
Keyword(s):  
Structure From Motion ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Image Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Underground Space ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Underground Passage

&lt;p&gt;The 3D models creating by SfM (Structure-from-Motion) photogrammetry became one of the important and convenient methods for any kinds of objects on geomorphology, geoheritage, or geoarchaeological fields. These objects are landforms, monuments, buildings, relics and so on. In order to evaluate these objects, it is necessary to collect morphological characteristics, and then proceeding to decide investigating points or areas of these materials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The progress of this methods developed significantly, however, there have been still remained difficulties depending on the objects. For example, it is difficult to create 3D models that the object is too flat, too dark, and/or any restricts of combination of target size and focusing distances. The present study attempts to these difficulties by targeting to narrow and dark underground space. The investigating object is an archaeological man-made cave, called Taya Cave, in central Japan. It was excavated in 13 century originally and used as study areas for Buddhists by making Buddhism bas-reliefs. The cave has a total length of 570 m underground passage with a three-layer structure. The cave also has several domes connected by narrow paths. The present study tried to make a 3D model of this complicated, dark and narrow cave by SfM photogrammetry. In order to concur to make 3D models for the whole area of the cave, it is useful making chunks; separating several areas of simple morphology and then compiled. When facing narrow path, it is better to take photographs not by perpendicularly but by inclinedly. Furthermore, it is important to use strong light with attach to camera. After obtained the image data of the whole cave, the accuracy of the created model was evaluated. The results were that the accuracy of horizontal distances are higher than that of vertical distances. &lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals 3D DIGITISATION IN CULTURAL HERITAGE KNOWLEDGE AND PRESERVATION: THE CASE OF THE NEPTUNE STATUE IN BOLOGNA AND ITS ARCHETYPE

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2020 ◽  
pp. 1403-1408
Author(s):  
V. A. Girelli ◽  
M. A. Tini ◽  
M. G. D’Apuzzo ◽  
G. Bitelli
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Image ◽  
Bronze Statue ◽  
Decay State ◽  
The University ◽  
3D Digitisation ◽  
The City

Abstract. In the field of Cultural Heritage, the availability of a complete, detailed and photo-realistic 3D model of the objects of interest permits to describe all the aspects related to geometry, colours and materials, as well as the work techniques and the decay state. Besides, it offers multiple possibilities for the documentation, the analysis and the study.This paper describes the experience, carried out by the DICAM Geomatics group of the University of Bologna, about the 3D digitisation of two important statues of Neptune, by means of the integration of 3D image-based and range-based techniques. The two artworks, both realized by the sculptor Giambologna, are the big bronze statue of the god adorning the homonymous fountain, one of the most symbolic monuments of the city of Bologna, and its archetype, exhibited in one of the civic museums.The obtained 3D models, beyond the important function of documentation, knowledge and preservation of the two objects, also permit a comparison between the small archetype, conveniently scaled, and the big final statue. In the manuscript all the surveying and data processing operations concerning the objects digitisation are described. Particular attention is paid to the problems related to the scale of the archetype and the comparison between the two obtained 3D models, with the aim to evaluate and represent the occurred changes.

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