scholarly journals Review article: Brief history of volcanic risk in Neapolitan area (Campania, Southern Italy): a critical review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Carlino
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Campi Flegrei ◽  
Volcanic Risk ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Systematic Strategy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High ◽  
Island Of Ischia

Abstract. The presence of three active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia Island) along the coast of Naples did not constrained the huge expansion of the urbanized zones around them. On the contrary, since Greek-Roman era, volcanoes have been an attractor for people who colonized Campania region. Stable settlements around Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei caldera and the Island of Ischia were progressively enlarged, reaching the maximum growth-rate between 1950 and 1980. Between 1982 and 1984, Neapolitan people faced the last and most dramatic volcanic crises, occurred at Campi Flegrei (Pozzuoli), without an eruption. Since that time, volcanologists have focused the attention on the problem of risk associated to eruptions in Neapolitan area, but a systematic strategy to reduce the very high volcanic risk of this area still lacks. A brief history of volcanic risk in Neapolitan district is here reported, trying to obtain new food for thought for the scientific community which works to the mitigation of volcanic risk of this area.

scholarly journals Review article: Brief history of volcanic risk in the Neapolitan area (Campania, southern Italy): a critical review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3097-3112
Author(s):  
Stefano Carlino
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Campi Flegrei ◽  
Volcanic Risk ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Systematic Strategy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Abstract. The presence of three active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia island) along the coast of Naples did not contain the huge expansion of the urbanized zones around them. In contrast, since the Greco-Roman era, volcanoes have featured among the favourite sites for people colonizing the Campania region. The stable settlements around Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei caldera and Ischia were progressively enlarged, attaining a maximum growth rate between 1950 and 1980. Between 1982 and 1984, Neapolitans faced the last and most dramatic volcanic crises, which occurred at Campi Flegrei (Pozzuoli) without an eruption. Since that time, volcanologists have focused their attention on the problem of risks associated with eruptions in the Neapolitan area, but a systematic strategy to reduce the very high volcanic risk of this zone is still lacking. A brief history of volcanic risk in the Neapolitan district is narrated here in an effort to provide new food for thought for the scientific community that works for the mitigation of volcanic risk in this area.

scholarly journals Landslide hazard and land management in high-density urban areas of Campania region, Italy

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Di Martire ◽  
M. De Rosa ◽  
V. Pesce ◽  
M. A. Santangelo ◽  
D. Calcaterra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Slope Instabilities ◽  
The City ◽  
Structural Solutions ◽  
Island Of Ischia

Abstract. Results deriving from a research focused on the interplay between landslides and urban development are presented here, with reference to two densely populated settings located in the Campania region, Italy: the city of Naples and the island of Ischia. Both areas suffer adverse consequences from various types of landslides since at least 2000 yr. Our study evidences that, despite the long history of slope instabilities, the urban evolution, often illegal, disregarded the high landslide propensity of the hillsides; thus, unsafe lands have been occupied, even in recent years, when proper and strict rules have been enacted to downgrade the landslide risk. It is finally argued that future guidelines should not be entirely based upon physical countermeasures against mass movements. On the contrary, national and local authorities should enforce the territorial control, obliging citizens to respect the existing regulations and emphasizing the role of alternative, non-structural solutions.

Inorganic carbon acquisition by Chlamydomonas acidophila across a pH range

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 872-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elly Spijkerman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Chlamydomonas Acidophila ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Very High ◽  
External Ph

Chlamydomonas acidophila Negoro had a higher maximum growth rate upon aeration with 5% CO2 (v/v) than in nonaerated conditions at an external pH above 2. In medium with a pH of 1.0 or 2.0, a decrease in the maximum growth rate was observed upon CO2 aeration in comparison with nonaerated conditions. At both very low and very high external pH conditions, an induction of external carbonic anhydrase was detected; this being more pronounced in CO2-aerated cells than in nonaerated cells. It is therefore suggested that the induction of carbonic anhydrase is part of a stress response in Chlamydomonas acidophila. Comparison of some physiological characteristics of Chlamydomonas acidophila acclimated at pH 2.65 and at pH 6.0, revealed that CO2 aeration increased gross maximum photosynthesis at both pHs, whereas respiration, light acclimation, and photoinhibition were not effected. At pH 2.65, Chlamydomonas acidophila was found to have a carbon-concentrating mechanism under nonaerated conditions, whereas it did not under CO2-aerated conditions at pH 6. The affinity for CO2 use in O2 production was not dependent on CO2 aeration, but it was much lower at pH 6 than it was at pH 2.65. CO2 kinetic characteristics indicate that the photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas acidophila in its natural environment is not limited by inorganic carbon.Key words: Chlamydomonas acidophila, CCM, external carbonic anhydrase, photosynthesis, growth rates, pH stress, CO2.

scholarly journals The Augustan aqueduct of Capua and its historical evolution

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1653-1662
Author(s):  
G. Libertini ◽  
B. Miccio ◽  
N. Leone ◽  
G. De Feo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integrated Study

Abstract At his own expense Augustus built his own aqueduct, known as Aqua Iulia, for Capua, located in today's Campania region of southern Italy, which was in Roman times, one of the most important civitas of the empire. The course of this aqueduct and of its likely branches, destined for two small towns, Saticula and Calatia, is hypothesized, in part based on the re-use in the seventeenth century of about 8 miles (i.e. 11.8 km) of the ancient aqueduct for another water supply that served Naples, namely the Carmignano aqueduct. The subsequent transformation in the eighteenth century in a new water supply along a new route at a higher altitude is described. This third water supply served the Bourbon royal palace of Caserta, a magnificent construction built in the same period. In summary, the historical evolution of the Augustan aqueduct of Capua is discussed in the context of the communities served and in the context of the organization and history of the territory supplied, demonstrating the richness of information that may be obtained by an integrated study of the transformation, over time, of this important water infrastructure.

Method for Establishing Hydrostatic Re-Test Intervals for Pipelines With Stress-Corrosion Cracking

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Fessler ◽  
Steve Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Reasonable Assumption ◽  
Ph Stress ◽  
Test Pressure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actual Yield

Hydrostatic testing is one way to demonstrate the integrity of a pipeline that may contain stress-corrosion cracks. In order to establish appropriate intervals for such tests, it is necessary to make a reasonable assumption about the probable maximum growth rate of cracks that might exist in the pipeline. Although growth rates have been measured in laboratory experiments, those rates are not meaningful for a buried pipeline, because the growth rate depends upon many unknown factors, such as the condition of the coating, the composition of any liquid in contact with the pipe, the susceptibility of the steel, and the temperature. However, it is possible to infer what a probable maximum growth rate is, from the hydrostatic-test history of a portion of a pipeline. This paper describes a method for establishing hydrostatic-test intervals based upon the assumption that cracks that already led to a service failure or hydrostatic-test failure had a higher growth rate than surviving cracks. That assumption is reasonable, because the cracking conditions at the failed cracks must have been more severe than the conditions around any surviving or future crack. The method does not require any knowledge about the nature of the chemical environment at the surface of the pipe, the susceptibility of the steel, or whether the cracks are high-pH stress-corrosion cracks or near-neutral-pH stress-corrosion cracks. The only data that are required are probable maximum values for the actual yield strength and the actual ultimate tensile strength, which usually can be determined from mill records. Using this method, it can be shown that the interval lengths are strongly affected by the test pressure. It also can be shown that uniform test intervals are less effective than graduated intervals. In fact, subsequent intervals may be longer than previous ones, even if hydrotest failures occurred in the previous tests. The validity of this method was demonstrated by applying it, in principle, to actual historical data from over a dozen valve sections that have been subjected to multiple hydrostatic tests and showing that, if this method had been used, more failures would have been prevented with fewer tests.

Religious Norms, Human Capital, and Money Lending in Jewish European History

2011 ◽  
pp. 56-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
European History ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Common View ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Spain

Circa 1000, the main occupations of the large Jewish community in Muslim Spain and of the small Jewish communities in southern Italy, France, and Germany were local trade and long-distance commerce, as well as handicrafts. A common view states that the usury ban on Christians segregated European Jews into money lending. A similar view contends that the Jews were forced to become money lenders because they were not permitted to own land, and therefore, they were banned from farming. This article offers an alternative argument which is consistent with the main features that mark the history of the Jews: the Jews in medieval Europe voluntarily selected themselves into money lending because they had the key assets for being successful players in credit markets. After providing an overview of Jewish history during 70–1492, it discusses religious norms and human capital in Jewish European history, Jews in the Talmud era, the massive transition of the Jews from farming to crafts and trade, the golden age of the Jewish diaspora (ca. 800–ca. 1250), and the legacy of Judaism.

scholarly journals Antihypertensive Efficacy of Fixed Combination of Amlodipine and Ramipril in Patients with Arterial Hypertension and Very High Cardiovascular Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-845
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Korennova ◽  
S. P. Podolnaya ◽  
E. P. Prihodko ◽  
E. A. Turusheva ◽  
S. N. Starinskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Fixed Combination ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Antihypertensive Efficacy ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Coronary Artery Stenting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Aim. To evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of amlodipine and ramipril in hypertensive patients with very high cardiovascular risk. Material and methods. A retrospective cohort study of real clinical practice of prescribing antihypertensive drugs according to 255 medical records of outpatient hypertensive patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery stenting was performed in the first part. An open observational study was performed in the second part. 69 people older than 18 years with a history of ACS and coronary artery stenting, without reaching the target blood pressure (BP) level while using free combinations of antihypertensive drugs and with indications for a fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine were included into the study. Analysis of self-monitoring of BP, office BP, daily BP monitoring (ABPM) and patients’ adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green test) initially, after 4 and after 12 weeks of taking the fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine was performed to assess the clinical efficacy of the studied drug. Results. It was found that 42.0% of patients did not follow the recommendations for regular intake of antihypertensive drugs. So, hypertension of all patients regarded as false-refractory, which was the basis for the prescription of the fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine in accordance with clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. After 4 weeks of therapy, there was significant decrease in office BP with the achievement and preservation of the target level by the 12th week, normalization to the 12th week of day and night BP variability in 54.9% of patients. 78.0% of patients followed medical recommendations for regular administration of antihypertensive drugs, none of the patients had adverse events. Conclusion. The use of fixed combinations of drugs, in particular, amlodipine and ramipril as a part of multicomponent therapy in hypertensive patients with very high cardiovascular risk, led to the achievement of target BP by the 4th week of therapy and stable preservation of antihypertensive effect in 12 weeks of treatment as well as gradual normalization of day and night BP variability in more than half of patients. Fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine allowed to improve adherence of patients to cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals AB0420 RISK OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1510.2-1510
Author(s):  
L. Kondrateva ◽  
T. Popkova ◽  
E. Nasonov ◽  
A. Lila
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systemic Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Very High

Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have higher than in general population prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of developing type 2 DM, however routine measurement of insulin levels for DM risk assessment is uncomfortable in daily clinical practice. International Diabetes Federation recommends the use of patient questionnaires to quickly identify people who may be at a higher risk of DM development.Objectives:To determine the 10-years risk of developing type 2 DM in SLE patients using dedicated questionnaire - Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Form (FINDRISK) data.Methods:The study included 92 SLE patients without DM (83 women, 9 men, 39 [34; 47] years old). The median disease duration was 6 [2,14] years, SLEDAI-2K was 4[2;8]. SLE pts were treated with glucocorticoids (GC) (89%) and hydroxychloroquine (78%), immunosuppressive drugs (28%) and biological agents (10%). The control group consisted of 88 subjects without systemic rheumatic diseases, inflammatory arthritis or DM, matched by age and sex with SLE patients. Eight items of FINDRISK questionnaire (age, overweight, abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity, eating habits, history of antihypertensive drugs treatment, history of hyperglycemia) were taken into account to calculate the total risk score (TS). The risk of developing DM within following 10 years is regarded as low (1%) or slightly elevated (4%) with TS ≤11 points, as moderate (17%), high (33%) or very high (50%) with TS ≥12 points.Results:The risk of developing DM was low or slightly elevated in 65 (71%) SLE pts and moderate, high or very high in 27 (29%) pts. The difference was significant compared with the control group, in which 76 (86%) subjects had a low or slightly elevated risk and 12 (14%) had a moderate, high or very high risk (p=0,01). The number of risk factors (4[2;5]) and the median TS of SLE pts (9[5;12] points) were higher than values in control subjects (3[2,4] factors and 6[3;9] points, respectively) (p<0,01 for both). DM risk factors profiles were similar in two groups, except for higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (66% vs 41%, p<0,01) and history of antihypertensive drugs treatment (57% vs 17%, p<0,01) in SLE. There were positive correlations between TS and CRP levels (r=0,25, p=0,02), SLICC (r=0,36, p<0,01), HAQ (r=0,29, p<0,01), and negative correlations between TS and SLEDAI-2K (r= -0,32, p<0,01), glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI (r=-0,23, p=0,03). Current GC use had no influence on TS values in SLE.Conclusion:Patients with SLE were more likely than individuals without systemic rheumatic diseases to have a moderate, high and very high risk of developing DM, and therefore, required interventions to prevent the metabolic disease. Increased risk of developing DM was associated with most common traditional factors, especially by abdominal obesity and regular use of antihypertensive drugs that can be considered a kind of equivalent to the presence of hypertension. Curtain contribution of inflammation, lupus activity and irreversible damage index can’t be ignored. Clarification of SLE-specific phenomena in DM pathogenesis requires further research.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

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