scholarly journals Reducing sediment concentration and soil loss using organic and inorganic amendments at plot scale

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. R. Sadeghi ◽  
L. Gholami ◽  
M. Homaee ◽  
A. Khaledi Darvishan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Although various organic and inorganic mulches are used for soil conservation purposes, the comparative effectiveness of them on soil characteristics has not been comprehensively considered from different aspects. The present study is therefore an attempt to determine the efficiency of straw mulch, manure and TA-200 polyacrylamide with respective rates of 500, 300 and 50 g m-2, respectively, in changing sediment concentration and soil loss. The experiments were conducted for sandy-loam soil (collected from the top 0–20 cm-layer) taken from a summer rangeland, the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran under laboratory conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 30, 50, 70 and 90 mm h-1 and the slope of 30%. The results showed that the straw mulch decreased soil concentration at rate of 45.60% compared to the control plots, and performed better than manure (8.98% reduction) and PAM (4.74% reduction). The results showed that the maximum reduction in sediment concentration and soil loss for all soil amendments occurred in the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1 with the rates of 58.69 and 63.24%, for straw mulch, 14.65 and 13.14%, for manure and 20.15 and 23.44% for TA-200, respectively.

scholarly journals Reducing sediment concentration and soil loss using organic and inorganic amendments at plot scale

Solid Earth ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. R. Sadeghi ◽  
L. Gholami ◽  
M. Homaee ◽  
A. Khaledi Darvishan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Various organic and inorganic mulches are used for soil conservation purposes, the effectiveness of which on soil characteristics has not been comprehensively considered from different aspects. The present study surveys the efficiency of straw mulch, manure and TA-200 polyacrylamide with respective rates of 500, 300 and 50 g m−2 in changing sediment concentration and soil loss. The experiments were conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from a summer rangeland, the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. The experiments were performed under laboratory conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 30, 50, 70 and 90 mm h−1 and a slope of 30%. The results showed that the straw mulch decreased soil erosion at rate of 45.60% compared to the control plots and performed better than manure (8.98% reduction) and PAM (4.74% reduction). The results showed that the maximum reduction in sediment concentration and soil loss for all soil amendments occurred at the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h−1 with the rates of 58.69 and 63.24% for straw mulch, 14.65 and 13.14% for manure and 20.15 and 23.44% for TA-200.

scholarly journals Impact of Wheat Residue on Soil Erosion Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ataollah KAVIAN ◽  
Leila GHOLAMI ◽  
Maziar MOHAMMADI ◽  
Velibor SPALEVIC ◽  
Moghadeseh FALAH SORAKI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil erosion is one of the key challenges in soil and water conservation. Vegetation that covers soil and organic and inorganic mulch is very useful for the control of erosion processes. This study examined treatment with wheat residual (as agriculture mulch) on infiltration, time to runoff, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil erosion processes. The study has been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from summer rangeland (Northern Iran) with simulated rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1. The experiment was conducted in slopes of 30% in three replications with two amounts of wheat residual of 50 and 90 %. The results showed that conservation percent of soil erosion for wheat residual 50 and 90% was 61.68 and 73.25%, respectively (in rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1). Also, the conservation percent of soil erosion for wheat residual of 50 and 90% cover was 70.68 and 90.55, respectively (in rainfall intensity of 100 mm h-1). It was concluded that the conservation treatments could reduce runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil erosion and increase the time to runoff and infiltration coefficient. This effect was significant on time for infiltration, sediment concentration and soil erosion variables (R2=0.99), time to runoff and runoff coefficient variables (R2=0.95). The interaction effects of rainfall intensity and soil conservation was significant for sediment concentration and soil erosion variables (R2=0.99).

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Straw Mulch on Infiltration, Splash Erosion, Runoff and Sediment in Laboratory Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Gholami ◽  
Kazimierz Banasik ◽  
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi ◽  
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
Leszek Hejduk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mulches have extraordinary potential in reducing surface runoff, increasing infiltration of water into the soil and decreasing soil erosion. The straw mulches as a biological material, has the ability to be a significant physical barrier against the impact of raindrops and reduce the detachment of soil aggregates. The present study is an attempt to determine the efficiency of straw mulch as conservation treatment in changes in the splash erosion, time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient, infiltration coefficient, time-to-drainage, drainage coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss. The laboratory experiments have been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from deforested area, about 15 km of Warsaw west, Poland under lab conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 60 and 120 mmh–1, in 4 soil moistures of 12, 25, 33 and 40% and the slope of 9%. Compared with bare treatments, results of straw mulch application showed the significant conservation effects on splash erosion, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss and significant enhancement effects on infiltration and drainage. The results of Spearman-Rho correlation showed the significant (p < 0.05) correlation with r = –0.873, 0.873, 0.878 and 0.764 between rainfall intensity and drainage coefficient, downstream splash, sediment concentration and soil loss and with r = –0.976, 0.927 and –0.927 between initial soil moisture content and time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient and infiltration coefficient, respectively.

scholarly journals Scale effect on runoff and soil loss control using rice straw mulch under laboratory conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 2915-2938 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. R. Sadeghi ◽  
L. Gholami ◽  
E. Sharifi Moghadam ◽  
A. Khaledi Darvishan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Loss Control ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Abstract. Amendments can control the runoff and soil loss by protecting soil surface. However, scale effects on runoff and soil loss control has not been considered yet. The present study has been formulated to determine the efficiency of two plot sizes of 6 and 0.25 m2 covered by straw mulch with rate of 0.5 kg m−2 in changing the time to runoff, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss under laboratory conditions. The study has been conducted for a sandy-loam soil taken from summer rangeland, Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran under simulated rainfall intensities of 50 and 90 mm h−1 and in 3 replicates. The results of the study showed that the straw mulch had more significant effect in in reducing runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss at 0.25 m2 plot scale. The maximum effectiveness in time to runoff for both the scales, observed in rainfall intensity of 90 mm h−1. The maximum increasing and decreasing rates in time to runoff and runoff coefficient observed in the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h−1 with the amounts of 367.92 and 96.71% for 0.25 m2 plot and the amounts of 110.10 and 15.08% for 6 m2 plot respectively. The maximum change of soil loss in both the intensities of 50 and 90 mm h−1 occurred at 0.25 m2 plot with the amount of 100% whereas at 6 m2 plot, decreasing rates of soil loss for in both the intensities of 50 and 90 mm h−1 were 46.74 and 63.24%, respectively.

scholarly journals Scale effect on runoff and soil loss control using rice straw mulch under laboratory conditions

Solid Earth ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. R. Sadeghi ◽  
L. Gholami ◽  
E. Sharifi ◽  
A. Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
M. Homaee
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Loss Control ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Abstract. Amendments can control the runoff and soil loss by protecting the soil surface. However, scale effects on runoff and soil loss control have not been considered yet. The present study has been formulated to determine the efficiency of two plot sizes of 6 and 0.25 m2 covered by 0.5 kg m−2 of straw mulch with regard to changing the time to runoff, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss under laboratory conditions. The study used a sandy-loam soil taken from summer rangeland, Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, and was conducted under simulated rainfall intensities of 50 and 90 mm h−1 and in three replicates. The results of the study showed that the straw mulch had a more significant effect on reducing the runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss on a 0.25 m2 plot scale. The maximum effectiveness in time to runoff for both the scales was observed at a rainfall intensity of 90 mm h−1. The maximum increasing and decreasing rates in time to runoff and runoff coefficient were observed at a rainfall intensity of 90 mm h−1, with 367.92 and 96.71% for the 0.25 m2 plot and 110.10 and 15.08% for the 6 m2 plot. The maximum reduction in the runoff coefficient was in the 0.25 m2 plot for the two rainfall intensities of 50 and 90 mm h−1, with rates of −89.34 and −96.71%. The maximum change in soil loss at the intensities of both 50 and 90 mm h−1 occurred in the 0.25 m2 plot, with 100%, whereas in the 6 m2 plot, decreasing rates of soil loss for the intensities of both 50 and 90 mm h−1 were 46.74 and 63.24%, respectively.

scholarly journals The Use of Straw Mulches to Mitigate Soil Erosion under Different Antecedent Soil Moistures

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2518
Author(s):  
Ataollah Kavian ◽  
Mahin Kalehhouei ◽  
Leila Gholami ◽  
Zeinab Jafarian ◽  
Maziar Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Soil Erosion Control ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Straw mulch cover is one of the most important soil erosion control measures applied to reduce runoff and soil loss in cultivated areas. However, in developing countries such as Iran, without a clear tradition or knowledge about soil erosion control measures, the use of straw mulch is rare, and its impact in the most extended crops is not well understood. We investigated the separate and combined effects of colza (Brassica napus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), to mitigate the activation of soil loss and runoff in sandy-loam soils, under different antecedent soil moisture conditions, in a rainfed plot in Northern Iran. Under laboratory conditions, we used a rainfall simulator device. The experiments were performed by using a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1, with a duration of 10 min and an inclination of 30%, with three replications. These conditions were used to evaluate the soils under extreme meteorological and topographical conditions. Two types of straw mulch, colza and corn, separated and combined with three different cover levels (25, 50 and 75%) and four distinct antecedent soil moisture conditions (0, 15, 20 and 30%), were used. The results showed that the applied straw mulches had significant effects on the reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration, by almost 99%. The maximum reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration was observed for the treatments with 0% moisture and 75% of corn, colza + corn and colza, with a reduction of 93.8, 92.2 and 84.9% for soil loss, respectively, and 91.1, 85.7 and, 60.7% for sediment concentration, respectively. The maximum reduction of runoff was also obtained with 0% soil moisture and a cover of 75%, reducing 62.5, 48.5 and 34.8% for colza, colza + corn and corn, respectively. The corn straw mulch showed the highest effectivity on reducing soil loss and sediment concentration toward colza treatment. But the colza straw mulch showed the best results on reducing runoff toward corn treatment. We conclude that the application of straw mulch is affordable and useful in reducing soil loss and runoff, instead of bare soils.

scholarly journals The impact of standard preparation practice on the runoff and soil erosion rates under laboratory conditions

Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
Vafa Homayounfar ◽  
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The use of laboratory methods in soil erosion studies, rainfall simulation experiments, Gerlach troughs, and other measurements such as ring infiltrometer has been recently considered more and more because of many advantages in controlling rainfall properties and high accuracy of sampling and measurements. However, different stages of soil removal, transfer, preparation and placement in laboratory plots cause significant changes in soil structure and, subsequently, the results of runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss. Knowing the rate of changes in sediment concentration and soil loss variables with respect to the soil preparation for laboratory studies is therefore inevitable to generalize the laboratory results to field conditions. However, there has been little attention given to evaluate the effects of soil preparation on sediment variables. The present study was therefore conducted to compare sediment concentration and soil loss in natural and prepared soil. To achieve the study purposes, 18 field 1 ×  1 m plots were adopted in an 18 % gradient slope with sandy–clay–loam soil in the Kojour watershed, northern Iran. A portable rainfall simulator was then used to simulate rainfall events using one or two nozzles of BEX: 3/8 S24W for various rainfall intensities with a constant height of 3 m above the soil surface. Three rainfall intensities of 40, 60 and 80 mm h−1 were simulated on both prepared and natural soil treatments with three replications. The sediment concentration and soil loss at five 3 min intervals after time to runoff were then measured. The results showed the significant increasing effects of soil preparation (p ≤ 0.01) on the average sediment concentration and soil loss. The increasing rates of runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss due to the study soil preparation method for laboratory soil erosion plots were 179, 183 and 1050 % (2.79, 2.83 and 11.50 times), respectively.

scholarly journals The impact of soil preparation on the soil erosion rates under laboratory conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 885-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
V. Homayounfar ◽  
S. H. R. Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The use of laboratory methods in soil erosion studies causes soil disturbance, preparation and placement in experimental plots and has been recently considered more and more because of many advantages. However, different stages of soil removal, transfer, preparation and placement in laboratory plots cause significant changes in soil structure and subsequently, the results of runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss. Knowing the rate of changes in sediment concentration and soil loss variables with respect to the soil preparation for laboratory studies is therefore inevitable to generalize the laboratory results to field conditions. However, there has been less attention to evaluate the effects of soil preparation on sediment variables. The present study was therefore conducted to compare sediment concentration and soil loss in natural and prepared soil. To achieve the study purposes, 18 field 1 m × 1 m-plots were adopted in an 18% gradient slope with sandy-clay-loam soil in the Kojour watershed, Northern Iran. Three rainfall intensities of 40, 60 and 80 mm h−1 were simulated on both prepared and natural soil treatments with three replications. The sediment concentration and soil loss at five three-minute intervals after time-to-runoff were then measured. The results showed the significant (p ≤ 0.01) increasing effects of soil preparation on the average sediment concentration and soil loss. The increasing rates of runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss due to the study soil preparation method for laboratory soil erosion plots, were 179, 183 and 1050% (2.79, 2.83 and 11.50 times), respectively.

Predicting sodification of calcium-saturated soil columns on leaching with sodic waters

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Siyag ◽  
M. S. Lamba ◽  
Raj Pal ◽  
S. R. Poonia
Keyword(s):  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDepth accumulation of exchangeable Na+ was measured in Ca-saturated sandy loam soil columns (length 50 cm; diameter 5 cm) after percolating 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ml of 013 M Na+, as NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 solutions. The values of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increased gradually with the increase in the volumes of the solution percolated. Two conceptual layer models, based on whether solutions were added to the topmost soil layer in one lot (M-I) or in splits equal to the saturation deficit (M-II), were used to predict the depth distribution of ESP of soil. The chemical processes considered in the models were the formation of ion pairs and the exchange equilibria of Na+ and Ca2+. The predicted values of ESP were considerably higher for model M-II than model M-I. The consideration of ion-pair formation and the accompanying anion had only negligible effect on the predicted ESP. The model M-II over-predicted the experimental ESP throughout the soil columns, whereas the model M-I under-predicted it for the upper layer(s) and over-predicted for the lower layers. On the basis of average ESP of the whole columns, the less realistic model M-I predicted experimental results better than model M-II. This was attributed to the presence of mobile and immobile zones for the flowing solutions.

Criteria for Scheduling the Irrigation of wheat

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Misra ◽  
P. C. Pant
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYA field experiment evaluating criteria for scheduling wheat irrigation was conducted from 1975 to 1977 in a sandy loam soil with treatments scheduled according to physiological stages, soil moisture conditions, pan evaporation and leaf water potential. Grain and straw yields, spikes/m, fertile spikelets/spike and number and weight of grains/spike were significantly influenced by treatments. Irrigation based on leaf water potential was as good as when based on physiological stages or soil moisture, and the use of pan evaporation was no better than other methods of scheduling.

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